TABLE 1.
Fat emulsion meal |
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Coarse | Coarse+LBG | Fine+LBG | |
Gastric volume AUC, mL ⋅ h | 1190 ± 90b | 1450 ± 140a | 1640 ± 143a |
T50%, min | 180 ± 9 | 230 ± 22 | 330 ± 61 |
Lipid:water ratio AUC, AU ⋅ h | |||
Upper part | 1.90 ± 0.20a | 0.90 ± 0.07b | 0.90 ± 0.05b |
Lower part | 0.30 ± 0.05b | 0.70 ± 0.06a | 0.70 ± 0.04a |
Percentage gallbladder contraction AUC, % ⋅ h | 300 ± 21 | 310 ± 34 | 300 ± 33 |
SBWC AUC, mL ⋅ h | 1720 ± 185b | 2020 ± 169a | 2270 ± 180a |
CCK AUC,2 pmol/L ⋅ min | 1520 ± 239b | 2100 ± 250a | 1990 ± 258a |
13C Breath test | |||
DOB AUC, ‰ ⋅ min | 3460 ± 324a | 2820 ± 151b | 3140 ± 170a,b |
13CT1/2, min | 260 ± 21b | 390 ± 40a | 470 ± 43a |
VAS AUC, scores ⋅ h | |||
Fullness | 20 ± 3 | 20 ± 4 | 20 ± 4 |
Hunger | 30 ± 5 | 30 ± 4 | 30 ± 5 |
Prospective food consumption VAS AUC, scores ⋅ h | 30 ± 5 | 30 ± 3 | 30 ± 4 |
Energy intake from ad libitum meal, kJ | 4060 ± 390a | 3680 ± 409b | 3270 ± 368c |
Values are means ± SEMs, n = 11 unless otherwise indicated. Labeled means in a row without a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05. AU, arbitrary units; CCK, cholecystokinin; Coarse, 20% oil and water emulsion with 6-μm mean droplet size; Coarse+LBG, 20% oil and water emulsion with 6-μm mean droplet size and 0.5% locust bean gum; DOB, delta over baseline; Fine+LBG, 20% oil and water emulsion with 0.4-μm mean droplet size and 0.5% locust bean gum; SBWC, small bowel water content; T50%, gastric half-emptying time; VAS, visual analog scale; 13CT1/2, 13C breath test half-dose recovery time.
n = 10.