. 2015 May 6;145(6):1335–1344. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.206102

TABLE 2.

Factors distinguishing Chinese men and women participating in the CHNS with high WHtR and/or moderate inflammation from a healthy referent group¹

	Men						Women
	No infl/high WHtR		Infl/norm WHtR		Infl/high WHtR		No infl/high WHtR		Infl/norm WHtR		Infl/high WHtR
	RR (95% CI)	P	RR (95% CI)	P	RR (95% CI)	P	RR (95% CI)	P	RR (95% CI)	P	RR (95% CI)	P
Model 1: sociodemographic factors
Urbanicity²
Low	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—
Middle	1.57 (1.30, 1.88)	<0.001	1.29 (0.94, 1.77)	0.12	1.61 (1.24, 2.09)	<0.001	1.11 (0.93, 1.34)	0.25	1.07 (0.73, 1.58)	0.71	1.30 (1.02, 1.66)	0.03
High	1.57 (1.30, 1.89)	<0.001	1.09 (0.78, 1.52)	0.62	1.63 (1.26, 2.11)	<0.001	0.71 (0.59, 0.85)	<0.001	1.07 (0.74, 1.54)	0.73	0.97 (0.76, 1.23)	0.80
Income
Low	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—
Medium	1.26 (1.05, 1.52)	0.01	0.97 (0.71, 1.33)	0.86	1.23 (0.94, 1.59)	0.13	1.02 (0.85, 1.22)	0.83	1.09 (0.75, 1.57)	0.66	0.94 (0.75, 1.19)	0.63
High	1.37 (1.14, 1.66)	0.01	0.73 (0.52, 1.03)	0.07	1.42 (1.09, 1.83)	0.008	1.03 (0.86, 1.23)	0.78	1.15 (0.79, 1.67)	0.46	1.04 (0.82, 1.32)	0.75
North resident³	0.60 (0.51, 0.70)	<0.001	0.87 (0.66, 1.15)	0.33	0.68 (0.55, 0.84)	<0.001	0.81 (0.70, 0.94)	0.007	0.96 (0.71, 1.30)	0.78	0.93 (0.77, 1.13)	0.47
Model 2: behavioral and environmental factors
ID symptoms	1.07 (0.76, 1.53)	0.70	2.78 (1.76, 4.37)	<0.001	1.93 (1.27, 2.92)	0.002	0.95 (0.69, 1.31)	0.74	2.03 (1.22, 3.38)	0.006	1.4 (0.95, 2.06)	0.09
Sanitation
Low	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—
Middle	1.08 (0.90, 1.30)	0.41	0.85 (0.62, 1.17)	0.33	1.29 (0.99, 1.69)	0.06	0.9 (0.75, 1.08)	0.25	0.85 (0.58, 1.25)	0.41	0.99 (0.77, 1.26)	0.92
High	1.26 (1.00, 1.58)	0.06	0.77 (0.50, 1.17)	0.22	1.67 (1.21, 2.30)	0.002	0.66 (0.52, 0.83)	<0.001	0.8 (0.50, 1.27)	0.35	0.74 (0.55, 1.00)	0.05
High fat intake⁴	1.05 (0.89, 1.23)	0.59	1.13 (0.85, 1.50)	0.40	1.03 (0.83, 1.29)	0.77	0.98 (0.84, 1.15)	0.83	1.19 (0.86, 1.64)	0.29	1.13 (0.92, 1.39)	0.24
Fiber intake⁵
<25th percentile	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—
25th–75th percentile	1.03 (0.86, 1.24)	0.75	1.08 (0.79, 1.50)	0.62	0.92 (0.72, 1.18)	0.51	1.18 (0.98, 1.42)	0.09	1.05 (0.72, 1.51)	0.81	1.01 (0.80, 1.28)	0.93
>75th percentile	1.24 (1.00, 1.55)	0.05	0.85 (0.56, 1.28)	0.43	1.14 (0.84, 1.54)	0.39	1.34 (1.08, 1.66)	0.008	0.92 (0.59, 1.44)	0.71	1.04 (0.79, 1.38)	0.76
Physical activity
<25th percentile	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—
25th–50th percentile	0.95 (0.74, 1.21)	0.66	1 (0.64, 1.56)	1.0	0.9 (0.66, 1.23)	0.51	0.76 (0.61, 0.94)	0.01	0.81 (0.53, 1.22)	0.32	0.68 (0.53, 0.88)	0.004
>50th–75th percentile	0.94 (0.74, 1.19)	0.61	1.01 (0.66, 1.54)	0.96	0.74 (0.54, 1.01)	0.06	0.76 (0.60, 0.97)	0.03	0.78 (0.48, 1.25)	0.30	0.70 (0.52, 0.95)	0.02
>75th percentile	0.58 (0.45, 0.75)	<0.001	0.93 (0.60, 1.45)	0.76	0.53 (0.37, 0.75)	<0.001	0.95 (0.75, 1.21)	0.69	0.70 (0.42, 1.15)	0.16	0.52 (0.38, 0.72)	<0.001
Alcohol intake⁶
None	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—
Low	1.30 (1.08, 1.57)	0.005	0.98 (0.70, 1.37)	0.91	1.1 (0.85, 1.42)	0.48	1.08 (0.84, 1.40)	0.55	0.72 (0.39, 1.30)	0.27	0.91 (0.63, 1.29)	0.59
High	1.37 (1.14, 1.65)	0.001	1.07 (0.77, 1.49)	0.67	1.21 (0.94, 1.57)	0.14	—	—	—	—	—	—
Current smoker	0.80 (0.68, 0.93)	0.004	1.14 (0.86, 1.50)	0.37	0.82 (0.66, 1.01)	0.07	0.80 (0.54, 1.18)	0.26	1.12 (0.53, 2.37)	0.77	0.62 (0.37, 1.04)	0.07
Age group
18–29.9 y	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—	Reference	—
30–39.9 y	2.60 (1.88, 3.60)	<0.001	1.51 (0.86, 2.62)	0.15	1.97 (1.19, 3.26)	0.009	2.68 (1.91, 3.75)	<0.001	1.05 (0.59, 1.85)	0.87	2.36 (1.33, 4.20)	0.003
40–49.9 y	3.57 (2.61, 4.87)	<0.001	1.41 (0.82, 2.43)	0.22	3.56 (2.23, 5.67)	<0.001	5.51 (4.01, 7.58)	<0.001	1.52 (0.90, 2.57)	0.12	5.11 (2.99, 8.71)	<0.001
50–59.9 y	4.08 (3.00, 5.55)	<0.001	1.83 (1.08, 3.09)	0.02	3.86 (2.44, 6.11)	<0.001	9.38 (6.78, 12.98)	<0.001	1.88 (1.09, 3.24)	0.02	13.40 (7.92, 22.66)	<0.001
60–69.9 y	4.86 (3.51, 6.73)	<0.001	2.42 (1.40, 4.19)	0.002	4.01 (2.47, 6.50)	<0.001	13.57 (9.48, 19.44)	<0.001	3.00 (1.66, 5.43)	<0.001	23.97 (13.86, 41.5)	<0.001
≥70 y	3.82 (2.62, 5.58)	<0.001	4.28 (2.39, 7.68)	<0.001	6.01 (3.60, 10.02)	<0.001	12.47 (8.43, 18.43)	<0.001	3.08 (1.61, 5.87)	0.001	23.24 (13.13, 41.1)	<0.001

Values are from a multinomial logistic regression model compared with a healthy referent group. CHNS, China Health and Nutrition Survey; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ID, infectious disease; Infl, inflammation; Infl/high WHtR, hs-CRP of 3–10 mg/L and WHtR >0.5; Infl/norm WHtR, hs-CRP of 3–10 mg/L and WHtR ≤0.5; No infl/high WHtR, WHtR >0.5 and hs-CRP <3 mg/L; No infl/norm WHtR, hs-CRP <3 mg/L and WHtR ≤0.5; norm, normal; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio.

Based on tertiles of the urbanicity scale (range: 30.4–106.6), representing low (<59.0), medium (59.0–82.2), and high (>82.2) urbanicity (21).

Resident of Heilongjang, Henan, Liaoning, or Shandong provinces.

⁴

More than 30% of energy from fat (23).

⁵

Categories derived from a sample distribution of fiber in grams per 100 kcal.

⁶

Categories indicate no consumption of alcohol per week; low, ≤7 servings/wk for men or any servings/wk for women; high, >7 servings/wk for men. A serving was defined as 1 bottle of beer (∼10.4 g ethanol), 50 g wine (∼4.8 g ethanol), or 50 g liquor (∼15.8 g ethanol).