TABLE 4.
HEI total and component scores by quartile of total flavonoid intake for adults aged ≥20 y in WWEIA, NHANES 2007–2008 (1 d)1
| Quartile of total flavonoid intake |
|||||
| HEI component by source | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | P-trend2 |
| From all foods and beverages | |||||
| Total vegetables | 2.5 (2.4, 2.7) | 3.1 (2.9, 3.4) | 3.1 (2.9, 3.4) | 3.3 (3.0, 3.5) | <0.001 |
| Greens and beans | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.0, 1.7) | <0.001 |
| Total fruit | 0.6 (0.4, 0.7) | 2.1 (1.9, 2.3) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7) | 2.3 (2.0, 2.7) | <0.001 |
| Whole fruit | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 2.3 (2.1, 2.5) | 3.1 (2.9, 3.3) | 2.3 (1.9, 2.6) | <0.001 |
| Whole grains | 1.9 (1.6, 2.2) | 2.3 (1.8, 2.8) | 2.5 (2.0, 3.1) | 2.1 (1.7, 2.5) | 0.23 |
| Dairy | 5.3 (4.8, 5.8) | 5.3 (4.8, 5.7) | 5.1 (4.7, 5.5) | 4.9 (4.4, 5.3) | 0.05 |
| Total protein foods | 4.1 (4.0, 4.3) | 4.2 (4.0, 4.4) | 4.2 (4.0, 4.4) | 4.3 (4.2, 4.4) | <0.001 |
| Seafood and plant proteins | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.2) | 2.2 (2.0, 2.5) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.3) | <0.001 |
| FAs | 4.4 (4.0, 4.8) | 5.0 (4.6, 5.3) | 5.0 (4.6, 5.4) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.5) | <0.001 |
| Refined grains3 | 5.3 (4.9, 5.7) | 6.3 (5.9, 6.8) | 6.8 (6.4, 7.1) | 6.4 (6.0, 6.8) | <0.001 |
| Sodium3 | 4.2 (3.7, 4.7) | 4.6 (4.3, 4.9) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.7) | 4.5 (4.2, 4.8) | 0.06 |
| Empty calories3 | 10.2 (9.48, 11.0) | 11.9 (11.1, 12.7) | 13.3 (12.4, 14.2) | 11.8 (10.9, 12.7) | <0.001 |
| Total HEI | 41.5 (40.1, 42.9) | 50.4 (48.3, 52.5) | 55.5 (53.6, 57.4) | 50.5 (48.0, 53.0) | <0.001 |
| From all foods and beverages except tea | |||||
| Total vegetables | 2.3 (2.2, 2.5) | 3.1 (2.9, 3.3) | 3.3 (3.0, 3.6) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.5) | <0.001 |
| Greens and beans | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.6 (1.2, 1.9) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) | <0.001 |
| Total fruit | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 3.9 (3.7, 4.1) | <0.001 |
| Whole fruit | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) | 2.9 (2.6, 3.1) | 3.4 (3.2, 3.6) | <0.001 |
| Whole grain | 1.9 (1.6, 2.3) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | 2.5 (2.0, 2.9) | 2.4 (1.9, 2.9) | 0.01 |
| Dairy | 5.2 (4.7, 5.7) | 5.0 (4.6, 5.4) | 5.3 (4.9, 5.6) | 5.1 (4.6, 5.6) | 0.89 |
| Total protein foods | 4.1 (4.0, 4.3) | 4.3 (4.2, 4.3) | 4.3 (4.1, 4.5) | 4.2 (4.1, 4.3) | 0.47 |
| Seafood and plant proteins | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 1.8 (1.6, 2.0) | 2.1 (1.7, 2.5) | 2.3 (2.2, 2.5) | <0.001 |
| FAs | 4.7 (4.2, 5.1) | 4.9 4.5, 5.2) | 4.8 (4.4, 5.2) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.6) | 0.02 |
| Refined grains3 | 5.1 (4.7, 5.5) | 6.2 (5.6, 6.7) | 6.4 (6.0, 6.9) | 7.1 (6.7, 7.5) | <0.001 |
| Sodium3 | 4.1 (3.5, 4.7) | 4.5 (4.2, 4.9) | 4.6 (4.2, 5.0) | 5.3 (5.0, 5.6) | <0.001 |
| Empty calories3 | 9.94 (9.24, 10.6) | 11.1 (10.2, 12.1) | 12.3 (11.6, 13.1) | 13.8 (13.0, 14.7) | <0.001 |
| Total HEI | 40.4 (38.8, 42.1) | 47.0 (45.0, 49.0) | 52.9 (50.7, 55.1) | 57.6 (55.9, 59.3) | <0.001 |
1
Mean (99% CI). Estimates adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, smoking status, and weight status. HEI, Healthy Eating Index; WWEIA, What We Eat in America.
2
Results based on polynomial orthogonal linear contrast.
3
Reverse scored, i.e., the higher the score, the lower the intake.