Table 2.
Betas from Negative Binomial Regressions Examining the Effect of Identity Change on Depressive Symptoms at Wave 4, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health 2001-2008, Waves l, 3, and 4 (N= 11,727).
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
Model 5 |
Model 6 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | β | (SE) | β | (SE) | β | (SE) | β | (SE) | β | (SE) | β | (SE) |
| Identity change (stable identity) | ||||||||||||
| More same-sex oriented | .27 | (.04)*** | .23 | (.04)*** | .22 | (.04)*** | .25 | (.04)*** | .24 | (.04)*** | .25 | (.04)*** |
| Less same-sex oriented | –.03 | (.07) | .01 | (.07) | .01 | (.07) | .03 | (.11) | .03 | (.08) | –.02 | (.09) |
| Sexual orientation identity, Wave 3 (exclusively heterosexual) | ||||||||||||
| Gay/lesbian | .05 | (.11) | .05 | (.11) | .02 | (.13) | .01 | (.13) | .06 | (.13) | .07 | (.16) |
| Bisexual | .11 | (.08) | .02 | (.07) | –.05 | (.09) | –.04 | (.09) | –.02 | (.09) | .09 | (.11) |
| Mostly heterosexual | .16 | (.05)** | .1 1 | (.04)** | .05 | (.05) | .04 | (.03) | .05 | (.06) | .08 | (.06) |
| Female (male) | .14 | (.02)*** | .15 | (.02)*** | .15 | (.02)*** | .15 | (.02)*** | .15 | (.02)*** | .08 | (.02)*** |
| Race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white) | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | .21 | (.03)*** | .17 | (.03)*** | .17 | (.04)*** | .17 | (.03)*** | .17 | (.04)*** | .17 | (.03)*** |
| Hispanic | .03 | (.04) | .02 | (.04) | .02 | (.03) | .02 | (.03) | .02 | (.03) | .01 | (.03) |
| Other race-ethnicity | .06 | (.04) | .06 | (.04) | .07 | (.04) | .07 | (.04) | .07 | (.04) | .05 | (.04) |
| Age, Wave 4 | .01 | (.01) | .01 | (.01) | .01 | (.01) | .01 | (.01) | .01 | (.01) | .01 | (.01) |
| Education level, Wave 4 (college graduate) | ||||||||||||
| Less than high school | .53 | (.04)*** | .43 | (.04)*** | .42 | (.04)*** | .42 | (.04)*** | .42 | (.05)*** | .42 | (.05)*** |
| High school graduate | .33 | (.03)*** | .29 | (.04)*** | .28 | (.04)*** | .28 | (.04)*** | .28 | (.04)*** | .29 | (.04)*** |
| Some college | .21 | (.03)*** | .17 | (.03)*** | .16 | (.03)*** | .16 | (.03)*** | .16 | (.03)*** | .16 | (.03)*** |
| Depressive symptoms, Wave 1 | .10 | (.00)*** | .08 | .00*** | .08 | (.00)*** | .08 | (.00)*** | .08 | (.00)*** | .08 | .00*** |
| Psychosocial stressors | ||||||||||||
| Victimization, Wave 3 | .02 | (.05) | .01 | (.06) | .01 | (.05) | .02 | (.06) | .02 | (.06) | ||
| Victimization, Wave 4 | .13 | (.05)* | .13 | (.05)* | .13 | (.05)* | .13 | (.05)* | .13 | (.05)* | ||
| Self-esteem, Wave 3 | .04 | (.01)*** | .04 | (.01)*** | .03 | (.01)*** | .04 | (.01)*** | .04 | (.01)*** | ||
| Self-reported discrimination, Wave 4 | .30 | (.02)*** | .40 | (.02)*** | .40 | (.02)*** | .40 | (.02)*** | .40 | (.02)*** | ||
| Neighborhood-level measures | ||||||||||||
| Percentage Republican (≤ 33%), Wave 3 | ||||||||||||
| > 33% to ≤ 66% | –.03 | (.03) | –.03 | (.03) | –.03 | (.03) | –.03 | (.03) | –.03 | (.03) | ||
| > 66% | –.02 | (.04) | –.02 | (.04) | –.02 | (.04) | –.02 | (.04) | –.02 | (.04) | ||
| Percentage poverty, Wave 3 | .11 | (.11) | .12 | (.10) | .11 | (.10) | .11 | (.10) | .12 | (.10) | ||
| Percentage college degree, Wave 3 | –.10 | (.08) | –.09 | (.08) | –.09 | (.08) | –.09 | (.08) | –.08 | (.08) | ||
| Percentage poverty, Wave 4 | .13 | (.14) | .11 | (.13) | .11 | (.13) | .11 | (.13) | .12 | (.14) | ||
| Percent college degree, Wave 4 | .14 | (.13) | .13 | (.14) | .14 | (.14) | .14 | (.14) | .12 | (.13) | ||
| Percentage some-sex couples (.0%), Wave 3 | ||||||||||||
| Same-sex couples, > 0% to < 2.0% | –.03 | (.02) | –.03 | (.02) | –.03 | (.02) | –.03 | (.02) | –.03 | (.02) | ||
| Same-sex couples, 2.0% to 8.0% | –.02 | (.04) | –.03 | (.04) | –.02 | (.04) | –.03 | (.04) | –.02 | (.04) | ||
| Percentage same-sex couples (0%), Wave 4 | ||||||||||||
| Same-sex couples, > 0% to < 2.0% | .02 | (.02) | .01 | (.03) | .01 | (.04) | .01 | (.02) | .02 | (.02) | ||
| Same-sex couples, 2.0% to 8.0% | .00 | (.04) | .00 | (.04) | .00 | (.02) | .00 | (.04) | .00 | (.04) | ||
| Sexual orientation indicators | ||||||||||||
| Same-sex romantic attraction, Wave 3 (opposite-sex attraction) | .10 | (.05) | .14 | (.05)* | .10 | (.05) | .10 | (.05) | ||||
| Sex before 18 (opposite sex only) | ||||||||||||
| No sex before 18 | –.04 | (.02) | –.03 | (.02) | –.03 | (.02) | –.04 | (.02) | ||||
| Same-sex sex before 18 | .02 | (.05) | .01 | (.05) | .03 | (.05) | .02 | (.05) | ||||
| Romantic relationship (opposite-sex relationship) | ||||||||||||
| No relationship, Wave 3 | .03 | (.04) | .03 | (.04) | .04 | (.04) | .03 | (.04) | ||||
| Same-sex relationship, Wave 3 | –.10 | (.09) | –.09 | (.09) | –.02 | (.10) | –.10 | (.09) | ||||
| Interactions | ||||||||||||
| More Same-sex Oriented × Same-sex Romantic Attraction | –.18 | (.07)* | ||||||||||
| Less Same-sex Oriented × Same-sex Romantic Attraction | –.04 | (.11) | ||||||||||
| More Same-sex Oriented × Same-sex Romantic Relationship | –.34 | (.13)* | ||||||||||
| Less Same-sex Oriented × Same-sex Romantic Relationship | –.21 | (.17) | ||||||||||
| More Same-sex Oriented × Mostly Heterosexual | –.21 | (.10)* | ||||||||||
| More Same-sex Oriented × Bisexual | –.19 | (.20) | ||||||||||
| More Same-sex Oriented × Gay/lesbian | –.57 | (.21)** | ||||||||||
| Less Same-sex Oriented × Mostly Heterosexual | — | |||||||||||
| Less Same-sex Oriented × Bisexual | –.17 | (.18) | ||||||||||
| Less Same-sex Oriented × Gay/lesbian | .17 | (.20) | ||||||||||
| Constant | .06 | (.20) | –.25 | (.22) | –.27 | (.21) | –.27 | (.22) | –.28 | (.22) | –.26 | (.21) |
Note: Referent in parentheses.
*
p ≤ .05
**
p ≤ .01
***
p ≤ .001.