FIG. 3.

Macrophages polarized from M0 (nonpolarized) to M1 (proinflammatory) or M2 (M2a, anti-inflammatory; M2b, homeostatic; M2c, wound healing) depending on inducing signals. Each macrophage subpopulation expresses different surface markers, cytokines, and reactive species. CD, cluster of differentiation; FBF-2, puf-domain RNA-binding protein; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.