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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 26.
Published in final edited form as: Fertil Steril. 2008 Aug 15;92(2):428–433. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.002

Table 3.

Risk estimates for lower urinary tract symptoms in users of oral contraceptives or a Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in a female twin population born 1959-1985.

Current use of oral contraceptives Current use of a levonorgestrel-releasing
intrauterine device
N Crude OR Adj OR N* Crude OR Adj OR
Stress urinary incontinence 8,678 0.29 0.21-0.40) 0.57 (0.41-0.79) 8,388 1.39 (0.74-2.61) 0.95 (0.49-1.84)
Urgency urinary incontinence 6,791 0.28 (0.11-0.71) 0.36 (0.14-0.92) 6,635 - -
Mixed urinary incontinence 8,682 0.28 (0.17-0.46) 0.52 (0.31-0.89) 8,405 0.61 (0.15-2.51) 0.50 (0.12-2.05)
Overactive bladder 8,682 0.85 (0.71-1.02) 0.97 (0.79-1.18) 8,405 0.95 (0.49-1.84) 0.90 (0.47-1.74)
Nocturia 8,100 0.90 (0.80-1.02) 1.07 (0.94-1.22) 7,870 0.56 (0.34-0.93) 0.53 (0.32-0.89)

All comparisons made with non-contraceptive users as reference i.e OR 1.0.

N*: is the total number used in the adjusted analyses.

Overactive bladder includes urinary urgency both with and without incontinence.