Fig. 2.

Scheme for intestinal phase 2 conjugation and bacterial metabolism of bile acids in humans and mice. A: Bacterial metabolism includes deconjugation, 7-dehydroxylation, oxidation, and epimerization of bile acids. B: The phase 2 conjugation reactions carried out by the gut epithelial cells include glucuronidation and sulfation (sulfonation). C: Structure and abbreviations for the bile acid species. Adapted from (53) using the nomenclature system of Hofmann et al. (239).