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. 2013 Jan 10;11(1):19–26. doi: 10.1016/j.aju.2012.11.005

Table 2.

Gonadal malignancy risks in different DSD conditions.

Risk (%) Disorder Treatment
Highest (up to 60)
MGD + Y + intra-abdominal Gonadectomy at diagnosis (all)
Fraiser
Denys–Drash + Y
PAIS + intra-abdominal
Intermediate (up to 28)
Turner + Y Gonadectomy at diagnosis
MGD + Y + scrotal Examination every 6 months +
PAIS Scrotal gonad pubertal biopsy +
17β-hydroxylase irradiation if CIS
Lowest (5)
Ovotestis DSD Gonadectomy at puberty Testicular tissue removal
Genetically confirmed CAIS