Table 1.
The causes of female VD.
| Condition | Type | Detail |
|---|---|---|
| (1) Abnormal detrusor activity (underactive/acontractile) | Neurogenic | Cerebral: |
| Cerebrovascular stroke | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | ||
| Multiple system atrophy | ||
| Hydrocephalus | ||
| Tumour (brain, spinal cord) | ||
| Spinal (sacral): | ||
| Spinal cord injury | ||
| Disc herniation | ||
| Transverse myelitis | ||
| Spina bifida | ||
| Subsacral (peripheral): | ||
| Pelvic nerve injury (iatrogenic – traumatic) | ||
| Myogenic | Ageing | |
| ApBO | ||
| Mixed | DM | |
| Other risk factors | Menopause | |
| Immobility | ||
| Recurrent UTI | ||
| Anaesthesia | ||
| Post operative | ||
| Drugs | ||
| Psychological | ||
| (2) BOO | Anatomical | Iatrogenic obstruction: |
| Anti-incontinence (sling) procedures | ||
| Urethral procedures | ||
| POP | ||
| Anterior vaginal wall prolapse | ||
| Apical prolapse (procedentia) | ||
| Inflammatory process: | ||
| Inflammation of urethra | ||
| Urethral stricture | ||
| Urethral diverticulum | ||
| Miscellaneous: | ||
| Bladder calculi/tumour | ||
| Retroverted uterus | ||
| Female genital tumours | ||
| Functional | Dysfunctional voiding | |
| DSD | ||
| Fowler’s syndrome | ||