Table 1.
The characteristics of participants
| Total (n = 576) | Men (n = 256) | Women (n = 320) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y)* | 75.6 ± 8.5 | 73.5 ± 8.9 | 77.2 ± 7.9 | 0.000 |
| SBP (mmHg)* | 139 ± 21 | 139 ± 21 | 140 ± 21 | 0.427 |
| DBP (mmHg)* | 80 ± 11 | 81 ± 12 | 78 ± 10 | 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)* | 24.2 ± 3.9 | 24.1 ± 3.7 | 24.3 ± 4.0 | 0.678 |
| Level of education (n, %)** | ||||
| Primary or below | 266 (46.2) | 69 (26.9) | 197 (61.6) | 0.000 |
| Secondary school | 230 (40.0) | 132 (51.6) | 98 (30.6) | 0.000 |
| College or above | 80 (13.8) | 55 (21.5) | 25 (7.8) | 0.000 |
| Smoking status (n, %)** | ||||
| Never smoker | 397 (68.9) | 94 (36.7) | 303 (94.7) | 0.000 |
| Former smoker | 79 (13.7) | 73 (28.5) | 6 (1.9) | 0.000 |
| Current smoker | 100 (17.4) | 89 (34.8) | 11 (3.4) | 0.000 |
| Alcohol consumption (n, %)** | ||||
| Nondrinker | 518 (89.9) | 202 (78.9) | 316 (98.8) | 0.000 |
| < 1 drink/d | 11 (1.9) | 10 (3.9) | 1 (0.3) | 0.002 |
| ≥ 1 drink/d | 47 (8.2) | 44 (17.2) | 3 (0.9) | 0.000 |
| Physical activity (n, %)** | ||||
| Sedentary lifestyle | 342 (59.4) | 133 (52.0) | 209 (65.3) | 0.001 |
| Recreational activity | 234 (40.6) | 123 (48.0) | 111 (34.7) | 0.001 |
| Distribution of disease (n, %)** | ||||
| Hypertension | 447 (77.6) | 183 (71.5) | 264 (82.5) | 0.002 |
| Ischemic stroke | 213 (37.0) | 108 (42.2) | 105 (32.8) | 0.021 |
| Coronary heart disease | 313 (54.3) | 130 (50.8) | 183 (57.2) | 0.125 |
| Diabetes | 200 (34.7) | 79 (30.9) | 121 (37.8) | 0.082 |
| Hcy (umol/l)*** | 14.61 ± 1.57 | 16.07 ± 1.60 | 13.54 ± 1.52 | 0.000 |
| Folate (nmol/l)*** | 20.39 ± 1.66 | 17.19 ± 1.64 | 23.69 ± 1.59 | 0.000 |
| VB12 (pmol/l)*** | 333.6 ± 2.2 | 311.1 ± 2.1 | 354.2 ± 2.4 | 0.163 |
| SOD (U/l)**** | 119.1 ± 22.1 | 120.4 ± 23.6 | 118.1 ± 20.9 | 0.215 |
| CRP(mg/l)*** | 5.53 ± 2.65 | 5.99 ± 2.87 | 5.21 ± 2.45 | 0.108 |
| Glu (mmol/l)*** | 5.74 ± 1.32 | 5.81 ± 1.31 | 5.69 ± 1.33 | 0.383 |
| HbA1c (%)*** | 6.66 ± 1.24 | 6.62 ± 1.25 | 6.69 ± 1.22 | 0.633 |
| UA (μmol/l)*** | 323.8 ± 1.4 | 343.8 ± 1.3 | 311.1 ± 1.4 | 0.000 |
| Cr (μmol/l)*** | 80.6 ± 1.4 | 90.9 ± 1.3 | 73.7 ± 1.5 | 0.000 |
| Alb (g/L)**** | 37.7 ± 3.9 | 37.7 ± 4.2 | 37.8 ± 3.6 | 0.745 |
| PA (g/L)**** | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 0.103 |
| TC (mmol/l)**** | 4.42 ± 1.10 | 4.19 ± 1.04 | 4.60 ± 1.11 | 0.000 |
| TG (mmol/l)**** | 1.50 ± 0.94 | 1.40 ± 0.91 | 1.59 ± 0.95 | 0.013 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l)**** | 1.12 ± 0.30 | 1.05 ± 0.28 | 1.18 ± 0.31 | 0.000 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l)**** | 2.53 ± 0.86 | 2.44 ± 0.83 | 2.61 ± 0.88 | 0.018 |
Footnotes: SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; Hcy, Homocysteine; SOD, oxide dismutase; CRP, C-reactive protein; Glu, Fasting blood glucose; UA, Uric acid; Cr, Creatinine, PA, Prealbumin; 1 drink, equivalent to drinking 15 g alcohol. Recreational activity, such as jogging, brisk walking, bicycling, shadow boxing, or body-building dance.
Continuous variable comparison between men and women by student’s t-test.
Classification variables comparison between men and women by Chi-square test.
Continuous variable of asymmetry distribution data by the natural logarithm transformation analysis, described as a geometric mean ± standard deviation, comparison between men and women by independent sample t test.
Continuous variable of normal distribution data described as mean ± standard deviation, comparison between men and women by independent sample t test.