Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study/design | N | Age | Pathology/Atherosclerotic characteristics | % T2D | % HYPT | % DYSLIP | % MetS | % CVD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amar et al 2006/C [17] | 953 | 49.4 ± 8.7 | Population survey | 3 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 0 |
| Bevc et al 2008/C [18] | 95 | 60 ± 13 | Hemodialysis patients | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Brucker et al 2014/C [19] | 58 | 49.5 ± 1.5 | Population survey | NA | 50 | NA | 0 | 0 |
| Cardellini et al 2007/C [20] | 176 | 36.1 ± 9.9 | Healthy children of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) | 10 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA |
| Chapamn et al 2004/C [21] | 1092 | 53.3 ± 13 | Population survey | 2 | 24.3 | 7 | NA | 1 |
| Ciccone et al 2014/C [22] | 80 | 53 ± 10.5 | Obstructive sleep apnea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Elkind et al 2005/C [23] | 141 | 67.3 ± 8.6 | Population survey | 24.8 | 67.3 | 46.8 | NA | 17.7 |
| Esposito et al 2004/C [24] | 401 | 56 ± 9 | T2D | 100 | NA | NA | NA | 0 |
| Fagerberg et al 2008/C [25] | 98 | 58 years | Population survey | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fang et al 2010/C [26] | 86 | 10.5 ± 1.6 | Obese children/adolescent | 26 | NA | NA | 26 | 0 |
| Han et al 2010/C [27] | 852 | 59 ± 4 | Population survey | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hoshi et al 2007/C [28] | 226 | 67 ± 7.5 | CVD risk/primary stroke prevention/ILAA | 16.8 | 57.5 | 52.2 | NA | 20 |
| Kablak-Zeimb. 2011/L [29] | 227 | 64.5 ± 9.2 | Atherosclerotic occlusive disease | 35.6 | 91 | 100 | NA | 100 |
| Kapiotis et al 2006/C [30] | 145 | 12 ± 2.9 | Obese children | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 0 |
| Kato et al 2002/C [31] | 157 | 58 ± 1 | Hemodialysis patient | 11.4 | NA | NA | NA | 32 |
| Kim et al 2008/L [32] | 52 | 51.8 ± 10.8 | Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis | 0 | 23.1 | NA | NA | 0 |
| Kobayashi et al 2010/C [33] | 393 | 59.6 ± 8.7 | Rheumatoid arthritis/healthy controls | 8.6 | 22.6 | 20.6 | NA | 0 |
| Lee et al 2007/C [34] | 392 | 63 ± 0.5 | Population survey | 8.6 | 39.2 | NA | NA | 12.5 |
| Leonsson et al 2003/C [35] | 102 | 54 ± 10 | Growth hormone deficiency | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Li et al 2009/L [36] | 71 | 57 ± 4 | T2D | 100 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Lienonen et al 2005/C [37] | 78 | 61.6 ± 6.5 | Healthy controls | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 |
| Lind et al 2008/C [38] | 1016 | 70 years old | Population survey | 9 | 45 | NA | NA | 28 |
| Liu et al 2012/C [39] | 280 | 68.3 ± 6.5 | Atherosclerosis | 0 | 100 | 0 | NA | 0 |
| Martinic-Popovic 2014/C [40] | 45 | 74 (48 to 90) | Transient ischemic attack | 37.7 | 88.8 | 0 | NA | 100 |
| Minoguchi et al 2006/C [41] | 52 | 48.4 ± 3.1 | Obstructive Sleep apnea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Morillas et al 2012/C [42] | 126 | 56.5 ± 11.4 | Hypertensive | 23.8 | 100 | 57.1 | NA | 0 |
| Nakamura et al 2003/C [43] | 30 | 54.2 ± 5.5 | Hemodialysis-uremic patients | 50 | NA | NA | NA | 30 |
| Nishida et al 2007/C [44] | 254 | 48.6 ± 5.8 | Population survey | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Okazaki et al 2014/L [45] | 210 | 64 ± 8 | Individuals at risk of CVD | 11.9 | 79 | NA | NA | 30 |
| Porta et al 2007/C [46] | 85 | 57.5 ± 8.1 | Ischemic heart disease | 0 | 44.7 | 0 | NA | 100 |
| Ross et al 2010/C [47] | 27 | 10 (3 to 22) | HIV positive children | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ross et al 2009 [48] | 94 | 48 (21-70) | HIV positive patients | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rueda-Clausen 2009/C [49] | 102 | 55 (44-66) IQR | Dyslipidic patients | 0 | NA | 100 | NA | 33 |
| Sardo et al 2009/C [50] | 123 | 42 ± 9 | Hypertensive patients | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Schipou et al 2013/C [51] | 46 | 48.6 ± 13.3 | Systemic sclerosis | 2 | 25 | NA | NA | 100 |
| Scuteri et al 2011/C [52] | 6123 | 43 ± 17 | Population survey | 7.3 | 36 | 9.6 | 69 | 0 |
| Stenvinkel et al 2002/C [53] | 45 | 51 ± 2 | Dialysis for end stage renal disease patients | 77.7 | 100 | NA | NA | 33 |
| Tarantino et al 2014/C [54] | 125 | 46 (34-53) IQR | Obese with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 |
C, cross sectional; CVD, cardiovascular disease DYSLIP, dyslipidemia; HYPT, hypertension; ILAA, intracranial large artery atherosclerosis; MetS (metabolic syndrome defined as the existence of at least 3 of 5 following conditions: 1) abdominal obesity; 2) a serum level of triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl; 3) a serum level of HDL-cholesterol 40 mg/dl; 4) systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mm Hg; 5) plasma level of glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl); L, longitudinal.