Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics (ECLS-K 1998–99: First Grade, N = 10,740)

	%/ Mean	SD	Min	Max
Student-Level
White	64.7
Asian	6.7
White Latino	6.5
Non-White Latino	7.3
Black	14.6
Kindergarten Literacy Score	34.0	10.7	11.7	85.0
Standardized	0.0	1.0	−2.1	4.8
First Grade Literacy Score	57.5	12.8	13.0	89.0
Standardized	0.0	1.0	−3.5	2.5
Male	50.5
Socioeconomic Status	0.1	0.8	−3.0	2.9
Age (in months)	87.1	4.4	70.5	110.1
ARS Literacy Assessment Score	3.5	0.9	1.0	5.0
Approaches to Learning (Teacher)	3.1	0.7	1.0	4.0
Approaches to Learning (Parent)	3.1	0.5	1.2	4.0
Teacher-Level
White (reference)	86.9
Black	6.6
Hispanic	3.6
Other	3.0
Up to Bachelor’s Degree	30.7
Graduate Coursework (reference)	32.1
Master’s Degree	30.8
Doctorate/ Education Specialist	6.4
Age	42.5	11.0	22.0	73.0
Class Reading Level
% Reading Below Grade Level	27.9	26.7	0.0	100.0
% Reading Above Grade Level	32.6	27.2	0.0	100.0
School-Level
Percent Poverty	55.3	40.1	0.0	100.0
Percent Asian	5.0	13.0	0.0	100.0
Percent Hispanic	11.8	21.2	0.0	100.0
Percent Black	15.1	25.1	0.0	100.0
Public School	80.5
City (reference)	32.0
Suburb	37.9
Town/Rural	30.1
Northeast	18.7
Midwest	26.1
South (reference)	35.6
West	19.7