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Energy use increases with increasing economic activity, especially for GDP per capita <10,000 USD, but this increase slows down for GDP per capita above 30,000 USD (2005 US dollars in purchasing-power parity). The vertical gray-shaded area denotes the confidence interval for node 1 of threshold regression in Fig. 2. The lower gasoline price of very affluent, mostly North American cities is associated with another small increase in overall direct energy use.
