Fig. 2.

NMDS ordinations of avian community composition (A) before, (B) during, and (C) after the experimental feeding regime at urban study properties in northern Auckland, New Zealand, grouped by experimental treatment. The dotted ellipses denote the 95% confidence intervals for each experimental (Exp.) group. The species centroids (relationships among species as defined by their relative abundance at different sites) are also presented (D) for the “during feeding” period, scaled by percentage of total abundance (square root-transformed) for that period. Species abbreviations (for scientific names see Table S1): BBGL, southern black-backed gull; BLKB, Eurasian blackbird; CHFN, chaffinch; FNTL, New Zealand fantail; GDFN, goldfinch; GRFN, greenfinch; KNGF, New Zealand kingfisher; MYNA, common myna; RSLA, eastern rosella; SEYE, silvereye; SPDV, spotted dove; SPRW, house sparrow; STRL, common starling; SWAL, welcome swallow; THSH, song thrush; TUI, tūī; WBLR, grey warbler.