Table 1.

Summary of PERMANOVA results for the effects of feeding treatment (experimental group) on avian community structure for each experimental period: before, during, and after feeding regime implementation

Factor	Before				During				After
	df	F	R2	P	df	F	R2	P	df	F	R2	P
Experimental group	1	3.05	0.021	0.41	1	113.48	0.162	<0.001	1	0.77	0.005	0.67
Month no.	3	1.27	0.027	0.24	17	2.72	0.066	<0.001	3	0.74	0.015	0.79
Vegetation	2	12.10	0.170	0.41	2	24.86	0.071	<0.001	2	12.70	0.167	0.67
Background feeding	2	2.73	0.038	0.41	2	10.90	0.031	<0.001	2	4.82	0.064	0.67
Property ID	17	2.36	0.282	0.41	17	5.20	0.126	<0.001	17	2.79	0.314	0.67
Experimental group × month	3	0.83	0.018	0.63	17	1.52	0.037	<0.001	3	1.04	0.021	0.46
Residuals	63		0.443		356		0.501		63		0.415
Total	91				412				91

F-values (pseudo-F) are derived from 999 permutations. Values in bold are significant at P < 0.05.