Fig. 5.

Model simulations with the patch-occupancy model. (A–E) Without seasonal forcing, the species show damped oscillations that eventually settle down to equilibrium, and (F) the attractor is a stable spiral point. (G–K) With seasonal forcing, the species show sustained irregular oscillations characterized by (L) a strange attractor typical of chaotic systems. For the seasonally forced simulations, the first 30 y were discarded to remove initial transients. The chaotic attractor in L was obtained by running the model for 100 y. Parameter values are provided in SI Appendix, Table S1.