Table 3.
Maternal food provisioning and its effects on offspring.
| Estimate ± SE | F | df | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) Effects on maternal provisioning. | ||||
| Treatment | 34.24 | 2, 86 | < .001 | |
| Experimentala | 1.226 ± .193 | |||
| Controla | −.413 ± .190 | |||
| Male provisioning rate | −.175 ± .080 | 4.81 | 1, 86 | .031 |
| Time spent brooding | −.159 ± .081 | 3.89 | 1, 86 | .052 |
| Time of observation | .026 ± .080 | .10 | 1, 86 | .749 |
| Intercept | −.234 ± .125 | |||
| (B) Effects of parental care on offspring body mass. | ||||
| Female provisioning rate | .246 ± .070 | 12.50 | 1, 70.2 | < .001 |
| Female brooding time | .138 ± .067 | 4.22 | 1, 69.9 | .044 |
| Male provisioning rate | −.110 ± .068 | 2.60 | 1, 74.8 | .111 |
| Nestling tarsus length | .461 ± .041 | 125.70 | 1, 305 | < .001 |
| Intercept | −.080 ± .376 | |||
a
relative to natural (unmanipulated) females