. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 26.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Med Genet A. 2005 Oct 15;0(3):247–253. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30959

TABLE I.

Precision of Each Landmark Along Each of Three Axes, Calculated Across Individuals and Scans

Landmark name	Abbreviation	X axis mediolateral	Y axis superoinferior	Z axis anteroposterior
Glabella	g	0.988	4.03^b	1.40^a
Nasion	n	0.432	1.35^a	0.710
Pronasale	prn	0.309	0.721	0.168
Subnasale	sn	0.242	0.186	0.408
Sublabiale	sl	0.715	0.631	0.442
Pogonion	pg	0.695	0.660	0.587
Left endocanthion	len	0.291	0.336	0.198
Left exocanthion	lex	0.576	0.278	0.568
Left alar curvature	lac	0.435	0.703	0.337
Left chelion	lch	0.401	0.212	0.273
Left tragion	lt	0.437	0.727	1.44^a
Left otobasion inferius	lobi	0.283	0.358	0.482
Left gonion	lgo	2.14^b	4.05^b	3.16^b
Right endocanthion	ren	0.339	0.228	0.172
Right exocanthion	rex	0.416	0.319	0.392
Right alar curvature	rac	0.311	0.617	0.332
Right chelion	rch	0.441	0.204	0.308
Right tragion	rt	0.388	1.44^a	1.50^a
Right otobasion inferius	robi	0.254	0.457	0.625
Right gonion	rgo	1.45^a	4.10^b	2.95^b
Grand mean		0.827

Indicates error of greater than 1 mm.

Indicates values of greater than 2 mm. Landmark definitions can be found in Farkas [1994b].