Table 2.

Studies examining combination treatment with oxytocin with psychotherapy.

Study	Population	N	Intervention	Results: Oxytocin effect vs. Placebo	Limitations
Macdonald et al., 2013	Major Depressive Disorder	18	Single 20-minute psychotherapy session + pretreatment with double-blind intranasal oxytocin (40IU) vs. placebo	Greater improvement in social cognition on “reading the mind in the eyes test”, greater reduction in non-verbal behaviors that cut off social contact, but increased anxiety during psychotherapy session.	Single-dose oxytocin (vs sustained use). Therapists instructed to provide “minimal or neutral interaction with the subjects.”
Guastella et al., 2009	Social Anxiety Disorder	25	5 weekly sessions of group exposure therapy + pretreatment with double-blind intranasal oxytocin (24IU) vs. placebo	Oxytocin yielded greater improvements in self-perceived performance and appearance during social performance (speech) than placebo. No difference in anxiety outcomes between groups.	Single-dose oxytocin (vs sustained use).
Bryant and Hung, 2013	Healthy volunteers	28	Single session of hypnosis + intranasal oxytocin (24IU) vs. placebo	Greater hypnotizability observed following oxytocin than placebo	Single-dose, single-session. Not a clinical population, hypnosis not for therapeutic purposes