Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and outcome data of brain-injured patients.
| Characteristics | All patients (n = 85) | Moderate TBI (n = 25) | Severe TBI (n = 60) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 45.8 ± 21.9 | 47.9 ± 21.7 | 44.9 ± 22.2 |
| Male gender – n (%) | 66 (77.6) | 19 (76.0) | 47 (78.3) |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Trauma type – n (%) | |||
| Blunt | 83 (97.6) | 24 (96.0) | 59 (98.3) |
| Penetrating | 2 (2.3) | 1 (4.0) | 1 (1.7) |
| Time to ED (min) | 79.6 ± 56.4 | 72.3 ± 52.0 | 82.7 ± 58.2 |
| ISS score | 23.6 ± 11.0 | 19.1 ± 12.5 | 25.4 ± 9.8 |
| AIS head | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.0 |
| GCS | 6.5 ± 3.3 | 10.8 ± 1.2 | 4.63 ± 2.0 |
| Positive CT – n (%) | 70 (82.3) | 18 (72.0) | 52 (86.7) |
| Positive serum ethanol – n (%) | 27 (31.8) | 10 (40.0) | 17 (31.7) |
| Pre-injury comorbidities – n (%) | 27 (31.8) | 11 (44.0) | 16 (26.7) |
| Pre-injury beta-blocker use – n (%) | 4 (4.7) | 1 (4.0) | 3 (5.0) |
| Neurosurgical intervention – n (%) | 25 (29.4) | 3 (12.0) | 22 (36.7) |
| Outcomes | |||
| Mortality – n (%) | 24 (28.2) | – | 24 (40.0) |
| Unfavorable outcome – n (%) | 50 (58.8) | 8 (32.0) | 42 (70.0) |
| Sepsis infection – n (%) | 20 (23.5) | 6 (24.0) | 14 (23.3) |
| Organ failure – n (%) | 12 (14.1) | – | 12 (20.0) |
TBI, traumatic brain injury; ED, emergency department; ISS, injury severity score; AIS, abbreviated injury scale; GCS, Glasgow coma scale; GOSE, Glasgow outcome scale extended.
Moderate TBI = GCS 9–12; Severe TBI = GCS 3–8.
Unless otherwise stated, results are expressed as mean ± SD.