Vascular |
Infarct-related, primary/secondary CNS vasculitis, venous sinus thrombosis |
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Autoimmune |
Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (steroid responsive encephalopathy), paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, neurosarcoidosis, demyelinating disease (e.g. acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis; ADEM), celiac sprue, neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus |
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Neoplastic |
Primary/secondary CNS lymphoma, primary brain neoplasm, CNS/leptomeninges metastases |
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Infectious |
Herpes simplex, Treponema. pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Tropheryma whipplei, Crytptococcus neoformans, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) |
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Prion disease |
Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD) |
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Toxic-metabolic |
Heavy metal intoxication (e.g., lead, mercury, arsenic), vitamin deficiencies (B12, thiamine), medication-related, end-stage liver disease, pontine/extrapontine central myelinolysis, inborn errors of metabolism (e.g. acute intermittent porphyria, adult-onset leukodystrophies, mitochondrial disease), hypo/hyperthyroidism |
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Epileptic |
Non-convulsive status epilepticus (various underlying etiologies) |
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