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Proteotoxic peptides. Shown is the formation of what are thought to be the toxic entities in a wide variety of proteotoxic diseases; small, soluble pre-amyloid oligomers. These are metastable entities in slow or rapid equilibriums with one another and, at least for some entities, the dimers and trimers are the most toxic form. Enhanced autophagy is correlated with reduction in toxic pre-amyloid levels but the mechanism of clearance remains obscure (see text for details).
