Table 8. Risk factors for human-to-human transmission for infection with EVD.

Risk Factors for infection	OR, PPR, or RR	95% CI	Virus	References
PPR=Prevalence Proportion Ratio; RR=Risk Ratio; OR=Odds Ratio.
Physical Contact
Sharing bed with a patient during their late stage of illness	RR=2.2	1.2, 4.2	Zaire	39
Slept in the same hut on the same mat	PPR=2.78	1.15, 6.70	Sudan	45
Touch cadaver	RR=2.1	1.1, 4.2	Zaire	39
Touch body of deceased person	PPR=1.95	0.91, 4.17	Sudan	45
Contact with known suspected case	OR=2.7	1.35, 5.24	Bundibugyo	47
Contact with confirmed case	RR=3.21	1.53, 6.75	Zaire	71
Intimate contact: nursing care	OR=5.1	1.31, 15.48	Sudan	24
Receiving injections	OR=7.4	1.6, 33.2	Marburg	56
Caring for patients at early stage of illness	PPR=6.0	1.32, 27.10	Sudan	45
Cared for the patient until the patient’s death at hospital	PPR=8.57	1.95, 37.66	Sudan	45
Cared for the patient until the patient’s death at home	PPR=13.33	3.20, 55.59	Sudan	45
Contact with body fluids	PPR=5.3	2.14, 13.14	Sudan	45
Direct physical contact with a sick person	PPR=3.53	0.52, 24.11	Sudan	45
Non-Physical Contact
Age (>18 years old)	RR=3.6	1.3, 10.1	Zaire	39
Sharing a meal with a patient during their late stage of illness	RR=2.2	1.2, 4.0	Zaire	39
Conversation with a patient during their late stage of illness	RR=3.9	1.2, 12.2	Zaire	39
Shared meals with a sick person	PPR=1.94	0.89, 4.22	Sudan	45
Washed clothes of a sick person	PPR=1.68	0.78, 3.60	Sudan	45
Slept in the same hut	PPR=2.16	0.90, 5.19	Sudan	45
Profession- Miner	OR=13.9	3.1, 62.1	Marburg	56
Travelled before illness	OR=2.1	1.0, 4.5	Bundibugyo	47
Hospitalized or visited hospital	OR=2.6	1.4, 4.9	Bundibugyo	47
Consulted traditional healer	OR=0.2	0.01, 1.5	Bundibugyo	47
Funeral-associated contact
Ritual hand washing during funeral	PPR=2.25	1.08, 4.72	Sudan	45
Communal meal during funeral	PPR=2.84	1.35, 5.98	Sudan	45
Funeral rites participation	OR=4.22	2.2, 8.2	Bundibugyo	47