Table 1. Weighted, age- and sex-adjusted demographic and clinical characteristics by smoking status for Korean adults without diabetes, aged 19 years and older (2011–2012 KNHANES).
| Never smoker | Ex-smoker | Current smoker (<15 cigarettes/day) | Current smoker (≥ 15 cigarettes/day) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (unweighted/weighted) | 6349/19105564 | 1912/6207144 | 1205/5130073 | 775/3503781 | |
| Age (years) | 44.5 ± 0.3 | 47.8 ± 0.5 | 38.9 ± 0.5 | 42.7 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Women (%) | 78.0 ± 0.8 | 16.0 ± 0.9 | 22.0 ± 1.2 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| College graduation (%) | 32.9 ± 1.1 | 36.3 ± 1.6 | 30.6 ± 1.8 | 27.5 ± 2.1 | 0.022 |
| Heavy alcohol drinking (%) | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 10.6 ± 1.0 | 9.3 ± 1.0 | 19.5 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| Regular exercise (%) | 7.4 ± 0.5 | 8.2 ± 1.0 | 7.7 ± 1.0 | 6.5 ± 1.2 | 1.000 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80.1 ± 0.2 | 80.7 ± 0.3 | 80.6 ± 0.4 | 82.6 ± 0.5 | 0.006 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 0.1 | 23.6 ± 0.1 | 23.6 ± 0.2 | 24.2 ± 0.2 | 0.014 |
| Obesity (%) | 29.7 ± 0.9 | 30.9 ± 1.4 | 28.4 ± 1.8 | 41.2 ±2.4 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 117.0 ± 0.3 | 115.9 ± 0.4 | 116.2 ± 0.5 | 116.6 ±0.6 | 0.162 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.0 ± 0.2 | 76.0 ± 0.3 | 75.3 ± 0.4 | 77.3 ±0.5 | 0.003 |
| Anti-hypertensive drug (%) | 10.7 ± 0.4 | 13.8 ± 0.9 | 11.9 ± 0.9 | 8.4 ± 1.0 | 0.005 |
| Hypertension (%) | 21.2 ± 0.7 | 25.2 ± 1.2 | 23.2 ± 1.3 | 24.4 ± 1.9 | 0.015 |
| FPG (mmol/l) | 5.12 ± 0.01 | 5.16 ± 0.02 | 5.09 ± 0.02 | 5.20 ± 0.03 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.52 ± 0.01 | 5.49 ± 0.01 | 5.53 ± 0.01 | 5.61 ± 0.02 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36.83 ± 0.11 | 36.50 ± 0.11 | 36.94 ± 0.11 | 37.81 ± 0.22 | <0.001 |
| Impaired fasting glucose (%) | 19.0 ± 0.8 | 21.0 ± 1.2 | 17.0 ± 1.3 | 26.0 ± 2.0 | 0.001 |
| Serum LDL-C (mg/dl) | 115.2 ± 1.3 | 115.6 ± 1.8 | 114.4 ± 2.1 | 119.2 ± 2.7 | 0.462 |
| Serum TG (mg/dl) | 118.0 ± 1.9 | 126.7 ± 2.7 | 138.6 ± 4.1 | 181.0 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Anti-lipid drug (%) | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 0.135 |
| Serum Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 0.84 ± 0.01 | 0.84 ± 0.01 | 0.84 ± 0.01 | 0.806 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 42.1 ± 0.1 | 41.9 ± 0.1 | 42.5 ± 0.1 | 43.3 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean with SEM. The estimates for age and sex are not adjusted. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; Heavy alcohol drinking, ≥ ×4 alcoholic drinks/week. Regular exercise, ≥ ×5 exercise/week; Obesity, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 or more; Hypertension, systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medications irrespective of BP;