Table 3. Cytokine and chemokine concentrations in PBMC cultures exposed to P. chrysogenum, C. herbarum, or media alone ex vivo.

PBMCs + Exposure		Mold-Exposed Patients	Unexposed Controls		Controls/ Patients
	Cytokine or Chemokine	Mean ± SEM	Mean ± SEM	p-value	Fold Change
P. chrysogenum (4,000 spores/ml)	Eotaxin (pg/ml)	23 ± 5	84 ± 14	0.00001	3.61
	IL-8 (ng/ml)	16.6 ± 4.7	63.7 ± 20.6	0.0026	3.84
	MCP-1 (ng/ml)	4.8 ± 1.1	11.8 ± 2.0	0.005	2.42
	MIP-1α (ng/ml)	1.4 ± 0.3	13.0 ± 5.5	0.0019	9.45
	MIP-1β (ng/ml)	1.7 ± 0.4	7.8 ± 2.6	0.0017	4.57
C. herbarum (10,000 spores/ml)	IL-1β (pg/ml)	349 ± 83	2585 ± 678	0.008	7.41
	IL-6 (pg/ml)	486 ± 127	9596 ± 5304	0.0037	19.7
	MCP-1 (ng/ml)	7.8 ± 2.2	2.6 ± 0.6	0.011	0.33
	MIP-1α (ng/ml)	6.9 ± 1.5	17.6 ± 3.3	0.006	2.55
Media	Eotaxin (pg/ml)	16 ± 3	55 ± 7	0.00001	3.36
	MIP-1α (ng/ml)	0.11 ± 0.01	0.17 ± 0.01	0.0005	1.60
	RANTES (ng/ml)	2.1 ± 0.4	5.2 ± 0.9	0.004	2.45

Cytokines and chemokines are listed alphabetically for each exposure. Only cytokines and chemokines whose concentrations were significantly different between mold-exposed patients and controls with an FDR q<0.05, and whose fold-changes were greater than in media alone are shown. Lower doses of P. chrysogenum and C. herbarum and all doses of A. niger did not cause significant changes (q<0.05) in cytokine and chemokine expression beyond that of the changes in eotaxin, MIP-1α, and RANTES that are visible in media alone. Log-transformed unadjusted case-control correlation was used to calculate p-values. Fold changes were calculated from case and control means.