Table 1. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study cohort.
| post-GDM | controls | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Months post-delivery | 8.95 (7.50–11.60) | 8.80 (7.00–10.30) | 0.213 |
| Hormonal contraception n (%)* | 7 (11.3) | 12 (24.5) | 0.067 |
| Age (years) | 35 (32–38) | 35 (32–37) | 0.903 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 (21.4–26.6) | 22.7 (21.3–25.9) | 0.297 |
| WC (cm) (n = 58/49) # | 78 (73–86) | 75 (71–83) | 0.247 |
| Waist to hip ratio (n = 58/49) # | 0.80 (0.76–0.86) | 0.80 (0.75–0.84) | 0.277 |
| Body fatBIA (%) (n = 62/48) # | 29.75 (25.70–37.70) | 30.60 (26.20–35.20) | 0.861 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119 (112–125) | 115 (107–123) | 0.063 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75 (70–79) | 72 (64–81) | 0.068 |
| Distance (m/d) (n = 41/41) # | 6610 (5104–8407) | 6838 (5114–8259) | 0.597 |
| MRI substudy (n = 37/25) # | |||
| Total fatMRI (l) | 20.25 (16.46–29.40) | 19.65 (16.88–24.26) | 0.571 |
| Visceral fatMRI a (l) | 1.68 (1.13–2.84) | 1.34 (1.01–1.91) | 0.134 |
| Subcutaneous fatMRI a (l) | 5.73 (4.12–8.29) | 5.61 (4.31–6.72) | 0.605 |
| Liver fat (%) | 0.51 (0.18–1.27) | 0.41 (0.09–0.66) | 0.137 |
| Biochemical characteristics | |||
| Matsuda Index | 5.35 (3.68–8.02) | 6.67 (4.84–8.51) | 0.030 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.44 (0.94–2.35) | 1.22 (0.81–1.91) | 0.148 |
| Adipocyte-IR Index b | 3353 (1760–5496) | 2901 (1911–4116) | 0.290 |
| Disposition Index | 235.67 (176.73–303.60) | 303.21 (244.65–368.26) | 0.002 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 91 (87–95) | 90 (83–92) | 0.026 |
| 30min. plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 151 (129–170) | 140 (121–154) | 0.016 |
| 60min. plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 137 (113–163) | 117 (99–132) | 0.001 |
| 90min. plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 111 (97–136) | 100 (89–113) | 0.005 |
| 2 hour plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 112 (96–120) | 94 (82–110) | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 65 (51–89) | 63 (50–87) | 0.955 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 64 (51–72) | 64 (57–74) | 0.570 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 104 (89–115) | 108 (97–123) | 0.057 |
| hsCRP (mg/dl) | 0.06 (0.02–0.32) | 0.04 (0.01–0.11) | 0.252 |
| Gamma-GT (U/l) | 14 (12–19) | 14 (11–18) | 0.858 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 (5.3–5.6) | 5.3 (5.1–5.5) | 0.033 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35.5 (34.4–37.7) | 34.4 (32.2–36.6) | 0.033 |
The values are represented as the medians with interquartile ranges. If not stated otherwise n = 62 for the cases and n = 49 for the controls.
*Chi-Square test.
#(n = cases/controls).
aabdominal.
bAdipocyte-IR Index = fasting total NEFALC-MS/MS (μM) * fasting insulin (μU/ml).