Table 3. Fasting serum NEFA profiles and total NEFA concentrations.
| post-GDM | controls | p-value* | BMI and HbA1c adj. p-value** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12:0 | 0.744% (0.595%-0.902%) | 0.809% (0.720%-1.018%) | 0.008 | 0.059 |
| 13:1 | 0.047% (0.034%-0.056%) | 0.048% (0.039%-0.059%) | 0.525 | |
| 14:0 | 3.013% (2.584%-3.457%) | 3.346% (2.779%-3.775%) | 0.034 | 0.030 |
| 14:1 | 0.617% (0.516%-0.720%) | 0.607% (0.519%-0.755%) | 0.913 | |
| 14:2 | 0.051% (0.043%-0.065%) | 0.049% (0.043%-0.057%) | 0.392 | |
| 15:0 | 0.495% (0.426%-0.596%) | 0.542% (0.457%-0.598%) | 0.238 | |
| 15:1 | 0.043% (0.036%-0.051%) | 0.046% (0.038%-0.052%) | 0.538 | |
| 16:0 | 25.112% (23.938%-25.857%) | 25.615% (24.757%-26.314%) | 0.014 | 0.004 |
| 16:1 | 5.338% (4.519%-6.021%) | 4.982% (4.210%-5.781%) | 0.230 | |
| 16:2 | 0.074% (0.066%-0.079%) | 0.071% (0.062%-0.081%) | 0.373 | |
| 16:3 | 0.026% (0.022%-0.031%) | 0.026% (0.022%-0.029%) | 0.723 | |
| 17:0 | 0.522% (0.473%-0.581%) | 0.555% (0.507%-0.590%) | 0.202 | |
| 17:1 | 0.357% (0.323%-0.387%) | 0.342% (0.320%-0.394%) | 0.553 | |
| 18:0 | 8.482% (7.664%-9.242%) | 9.036% (8.410%-9.865%) | 0.034 | 0.033 |
| 18:1 | 39.483% (38.272%-41.091%) | 39.069% (37.352%-40.055%) | 0.040 | 0.019 |
| 18:2 | 11.065% (10.236%-12.172%) | 10.401% (9.865%-11.326%) | 0.034 | 0.019 |
| 18:3 | 1.177% (1.031%-1.345%) | 1.145% (1.071%-1.322%) | 0.941 | |
| 18:4 | 0.025% (0.019%-0.032%) | 0.028% (0.024%-0.036%) | 0.077 | |
| 19:0 | 0.050% (0.044%-0.057%) | 0.053% (0.046%-0.057%) | 0.360 | |
| 19:1 | 0.136% (0.127%-0.150%) | 0.141% (0.126%-0.155%) | 0.658 | |
| 20:0 | 0.055% (0.048%-0.068%) | 0.058% (0.051%-0.070%) | 0.127 | |
| 20:1 | 0.349% (0.317%-0.398%) | 0.344% (0.313%-0.387%) | 0.517 | |
| 20:2 | 0.194% (0.169%-0.216%) | 0.183% (0.166%-0.201%) | 0.069 | |
| 20:3 | 0.215% (0.187%-0.234%) | 0.208% (0.188%-0.232%) | 0.931 | |
| 20:4 | 0.760% (0.616%-0.935%) | 0.774% (0.617%-0.932%) | 0.950 | |
| 20:5 | 0.089% (0.071%-0.114%) | 0.090% (0.074%-0.108%) | 0.739 | |
| 22:2 | 0.007% (0.006%-0.008%) | 0.007% (0.006%-0.007%) | 0.239 | |
| 22:3 | 0.010% (0.009%-0.011%) | 0.010% (0.009%-0.011%) | 0.890 | |
| 22:4 | 0.086% (0.077%-0.097%) | 0.081% (0.071%-0.091%) | 0.086 | |
| 22:5 | 0.180% (0.163%-0.202%) | 0.183% (0.164%-0.204%) | 0.766 | |
| 22:6 | 0.415% (0.359%-0.511%) | 0.441% (0.345%-0.537%) | 0.515 | |
| 24:0 | 0.024% (0.021%-0.030%) | 0.027% (0.021%-0.032%) | 0.262 | |
| 24:1 | 0.041% (0.034%-0.049%) | 0.040% (0.034%-0.047%) | 0.677 | |
| 24:3 | 0.002% (0.001%-0.002%) | 0.002% (0.001%-0.002%) | 0.442 | |
| 24:4 | 0.005% (0.005%-0.006%) | 0.005% (0.004%-0.005%) | 0.071 | |
| 24:5 | 0.007% (0.005%-0.008%) | 0.006% (0.006%-0.008%) | 0.928 | |
| 24:6 | 0.005% (0.004%-0.006%) | 0.006% (0.005%-0.007%) | 0.180 | |
| 26:0 | 0.002% (0.002%-0.004%) | 0.003% (0.002%-0.004%) | 0.048 | 0.979 |
| 26:1 | 0.006% (0.005%-0.007%) | 0.006% (0.005%-0.007%) | 0.901 | |
| 26:2 | 0.008% (0.007%-0.011%) | 0.008% (0.006%-0.011%) | 0.517 | |
| 26:3 | 0.003% (0.002%-0.004%) | 0.003% (0.002%-0.004%) | 0.633 | |
| SFA | 38.547% (36.940%-39.937%) | 40.323% (38.769%-41.630%) | <0.001 # | <0.001 |
| MUFA | 46.655% (45.006%-48.549%) | 45.972% (43.697%-47.010%) | 0.011 | 0.014 |
| PUFA | 14.699% (13.652%-15.906%) | 13.974% (13.295%-15.146%) | 0.059 | |
| ∑ n-3 | 1.952% (1.733%-2.208%) | 1.954% (1.801%-2.184%) | 0.563 | |
| ∑ n-6 | 12.325% (11.493%-13.775%) | 11.792% (11.004%-12.841%) | 0.033 | 0.015 |
| n-6/n-3 | 6.435% (5.819%-7.130%) | 6.117% (5.283%-6.806%) | 0.020 | 0.045 |
| SCD-1 (18:1/18:0) | 4.697 (4.164–5.317) | 4.205 (3.908–4.747) | 0.010 | 0.013 |
| EloVL6 (18:0/16:0) | 0.341 (0.315–0.373) | 0.346 (0.318–0.384) | 0.329 | |
| Δ-5 D (20:4/20:3) | 3.720 (3.058–4.314) | 3.554 (3.253–4.119) | 0.917 | |
| Total NEFALC-MS/MS | 485.1 μM (402.8 μM -622.4 μM) | 485.42 μM (408.1 μM -594.0 μM) | 0.981 | |
| Total NEFAEnzymatic Test | 564.5 μM (407.0 μM -668.0 μM) | 548.0 μM (444.0 μM -681.0 μM) | 0.805 |
Percentage concentrations (mol%) and absolute concentrations of NEFA are given as medians with interquartile ranges. n = 62 for the cases and n = 49 for the controls.
*Mann-Whitney U tests.
**Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for BMI and HbA1c when p<0.05 from Mann-Whitney U test.
#Significant after Bonferroni correction.