Table 1. Characteristics of participants.
| Parameter | Males (n = 896) |
Females (n = 607) |
Total (n = 1503) |
P valuea |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.2 ± 3.1 | 20.5 ± 2.5 | 20.9 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
| BMI category | 0.001 | |||
| Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) | 157 (17.5) | 130 (21.4) | 287 (19.1) | |
| Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 651 (72.7) | 450 (74.1) | 1101 (73.3) | |
| Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) | 78 (8.7) | 23 (3.8) | 101 (6.7) | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 10 (1.1) | 4 (0.7) | 14 (0.9) | |
| Number of teeth present | 28.7 ± 1.3 | 28.4 ± 1.1 | 28.5 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Maximum occlusal tooth wear index score | 0.007 | |||
| 0 | 211 (23.5) | 189 (31.1) | 400 (26.6) | |
| 1 | 499 (55.7) | 297 (48.9) | 796 (53.0) | |
| 2 | 168 (18.8) | 105 (17.3) | 273 (18.2) | |
| 3 | 18 (2.0) | 16 (2.6) | 34 (2.3) | |
| 4 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Buccal mucosa ridging | <0.001 | |||
| No | 379 (42.3) | 178 (29.3) | 557 (37.1) | |
| Partial | 380 (42.4) | 320 (52.7) | 700 (46.6) | |
| Widespread | 137 (15.3) | 109 (18.0) | 246 (16.4) | |
| Tongue indentation | 249 (27.8) | 207 (34.1) | 456 (30.3) | 0.009 |
| Palatal torus | 6 (0.7) | 14 (2.3) | 20 (1.3) | 0.007 |
| Mandibular torus | 146 (16.3) | 92 (15.2) | 238 (15.8) | 0.553 |
| Malocclusion | 268 (29.9) | 213 (35.1) | 481 (32.0) | 0.025 |
| Crowding | 191 (21.3) | 142 (23.4) | 333 (22.2) | 0.341 |
| Overjet | 67 (7.5) | 56 (9.2) | 123 (8.2) | 0.102 |
| Overbite | 5 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 6 (0.4) | 0.235 |
| Crossbites | 20 (2.2) | 14 (2.3) | 34 (2.3) | 0.924 |
| Missing teeth | 18 (2.0) | 7 (1.2) | 25 (1.7) | 0.203 |
| Awareness of bruxism | ||||
| Jaw fatigue on waking in the morning | 23 (2.6) | 21 (3.5) | 44 (2.9) | 0.314 |
| Sore teeth or gums on waking in the morning |
20 (2.2) | 16 (2.6) | 36 (2.4) | 0.615 |
| Headache on waking in the morning | 57 (6.4) | 52 (8.6) | 109 (7.3) | 0.106 |
| Grinding during the day | 13 (1.5) | 20 (3.3) | 33 (2.2) | 0.017 |
| Clenching during the day | 49 (5.5) | 76 (12.5) | 125 (8.3) | <0.001 |
| Sleep bruxism | 49 (5.5) | 52 (8.6) | 101 (6.7) | 0.019 |
| Oral habits | ||||
| Biting fingernail/pens/pencils | 91 (10.2) | 39 (6.4) | 130 (8.6) | 0.012 |
| Biting mucosa of cheeks/lips | 164 (18.3) | 114 (18.8) | 278 (18.5) | 0.815 |
| Gum chewing | 134 (15.0) | 46 (7.6) | 180 (12.0) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index.
All values are reported as number (%) except for BMI, which is reported as mean ± standard deviation.
at test or χ2 test.