Table 2. Association between malocclusion and related factors in males.
| Parameter | Normal occlusion (n = 628) |
Malocclusion (n = 268) |
P valuea |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 ± 3.1 | 20.8 ± 3.0 | 0.022 |
| BMI category | 0.006 | ||
| Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) | 92 (14.6) | 65 (24.3) | |
| Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 473 (75.3) | 178 (66.4) | |
| Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) | 55 (8.8) | 23 (8.6) | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 8 (1.3) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Number of teeth present | 28.7 ± 1.3 | 28.6 ± 1.3 | 0.398 |
| Maximum occlusal tooth wear index score | 0.062 | ||
| 0 | 150 (23.9) | 61 (22.8) | |
| 1 | 358 (57.0) | 141 (52.6) | |
| 2 | 112 (17.8) | 56 (20.9) | |
| 3 | 8 (1.3) | 10 (3.7) | |
| 4 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Buccal mucosa ridging | <0.001 | ||
| No | 295 (47.0) | 84 (31.3) | |
| Partial | 249 (39.6) | 131 (48.9) | |
| Widespread | 84 (13.4) | 53 (19.8) | |
| Tongue indentation | 157 (25.0) | 92 (34.3) | 0.004 |
| Palatal torus | 4 (0.6) | 2 (0.7) | 0.854 |
| Mandibular torus | 80 (12.7) | 66 (24.6) | <0.001 |
| Awareness of bruxism | |||
| Jaw fatigue on waking in the morning | 15 (2.4) | 8 (3.0) | 0.605 |
| Sore teeth or gums on waking in the morning | 12 (1.9) | 8 (3.0) | 0.319 |
| Headache on waking in the morning | 46 (7.3) | 11 (4.1) | 0.071 |
| Grinding during the day | 10 (1.6) | 3 (1.1) | 0.588 |
| Clenching during the day | 26 (4.1) | 23 (8.6) | 0.007 |
| Sleep bruxism | 34 (5.4) | 15 (5.6) | 0.912 |
| Oral habits | |||
| Biting fingernail/pens/pencils | 67 (10.7) | 24 (9.0) | 0.437 |
| Biting mucosa of cheeks/lips | 106 (16.9) | 58 (21.6) | 0.091 |
| Gum chewing | 96 (15.3) | 38 (14.2) | 0.670 |
BMI, body mass index.
All values are reported as number (%) except for BMI, which is reported as mean ± standard deviation.
at test or χ2 test.