Table 3. Association between malocclusion and related factors in females.
| Parameter | Normal occlusion (n = 394) |
Malocclusion (n = 213) |
P valuea |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.5 ± 2.4 | 20.5 ± 2.7 | 0.990 |
| BMI category | 0.252 | ||
| Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) | 81 (20.6) | 49 (23.0) | |
| Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 295 (74.9) | 155 (72.8) | |
| Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) | 17 (4.3) | 6 (2.8) | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (1.4) | |
| Number of teeth present | 28.4 ± 1.1 | 28.5 ± 1.2 | 0.369 |
| Maximum occlusal tooth wear index score | 0.014 | ||
| 0 | 114 (28.9) | 75 (35.3) | |
| 1 | 208 (52.8) | 89 (41.8) | |
| 2 | 66 (16.8) | 39 (18.3) | |
| 3 | 6 (1.5) | 10 (4.7) | |
| 4 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Buccal mucosa ridging | 0.002 | ||
| No | 134 (34.0) | 44 (20.7) | |
| Partial | 190 (48.2) | 130 (61.0) | |
| Widespread | 70 (17.8) | 39 (18.3) | |
| Tongue indentation | 118 (29.9) | 89 (41.8) | 0.003 |
| Palatal torus | 4 (1.0) | 10 (4.7) | 0.004 |
| Mandibular torus | 38 (9.6) | 54 (25.4) | <0.001 |
| Awareness of bruxism | |||
| Jaw fatigue on waking in the morning | 13 (3.3) | 8 (3.8) | 0.769 |
| Sore teeth or gums on waking in the morning | 10 (2.5) | 6 (2.8) | 0.838 |
| Headache on waking in the morning | 33 (8.4) | 19 (8.9) | 0.819 |
| Grinding during the day | 11 (2.8) | 9 (4.2) | 0.345 |
| Clenching during the day | 50 (12.7) | 26 (12.2) | 0.864 |
| Sleep bruxism | 37 (9.4) | 15 (7.0) | 0.324 |
| Oral habits | |||
| Biting fingernail/pens/pencils | 25 (6.3) | 14 (6.6) | 0.913 |
| Biting mucosa of cheeks/lips | 82 (20.8) | 32 (15.0) | 0.081 |
| Gum chewing | 28 (7.1) | 18 (8.5) | 0.550 |
BMI, body mass index.
All values are reported as number (%) except for BMI, which is reported as mean ± standard deviation.
at test or χ2 test.