Table 5. Association between crowding and related factors in males.
| Parameter | Normal occlusion (n = 628) |
Crowding (n = 191) |
P valuea |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 ± 3.1 | 20.7 ± 3.1 | 0.016 |
| BMI category | 0.001 | ||
| Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) | 92 (14.6) | 51 (26.7) | |
| Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 473 (75.3) | 121 (63.4) | |
| Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) | 55 (8.8) | 18 (9.4) | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 8 (1.3) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Number of teeth present | 28.7 ± 1.3 | 28.6 ± 1.2 | 0.317 |
| Maximum occlusal tooth wear index score | 0.129 | ||
| 0 | 150 (23.9) | 45 (23.6) | |
| 1 | 358 (57.0) | 100 (52.4) | |
| 2 | 112 (17.8) | 39 (20.4) | |
| 3 | 8 (1.3) | 7 (3.7) | |
| 4 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Buccal mucosa ridging | <0.001 | ||
| No | 295 (47.0) | 58 (30.4) | |
| Partial | 249 (39.6) | 94 (49.2) | |
| Widespread | 84 (13.4) | 39 (20.4) | |
| Dental impression on the tongue | 157 (25.0) | 67 (35.1) | 0.006 |
| Palatal torus | 4 (0.6) | 2 (1.0) | 0.561 |
| Mandibular torus | 80 (12.7) | 49 (25.7) | <0.001 |
| Awareness of bruxism | |||
| Jaw fatigue on waking in the morning | 15 (2.4) | 8 (4.2) | 0.187 |
| Sore teeth or gums on waking in the morning | 12 (1.9) | 7 (3.7) | 0.158 |
| Headache on waking in the morning | 46 (7.3) | 9 (4.7) | 0.206 |
| Grinding during the day | 10 (1.6) | 3 (1.6) | 0.983 |
| Clenching during the day | 26 (4.1) | 19 (9.9) | 0.002 |
| Sleep bruxism | 34 (5.4) | 12 (6.3) | 0.648 |
| Oral habits | |||
| Biting fingernail/pens/pencils | 67 (10.7) | 16 (8.4) | 0.358 |
| Biting mucosa of cheeks/lips | 106 (16.9) | 44 (23.0) | 0.054 |
| Gum chewing | 96 (15.3) | 29 (15.2) | 0.972 |
BMI, body mass index.
All values are reported as number (%) except for BMI, which is reported as mean ± standard deviation.
at test or χ2 test.