Table 6. Association between crowding and related factors in females.
| Parameter | Normal occlusion (n = 394) |
Crowding (n = 142) |
P valuea |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.5 ± 2.4 | 20.5 ± 2.5 | 0.844 |
| BMI category | 0.578 | ||
| Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) | 81 (20.6) | 29 (20.4) | |
| Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 295 (74.9) | 109 (76.8) | |
| Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) | 17 (4.3) | 3 (2.1) | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.7) | |
| Number of teeth present | 28.4 ± 1.1 | 28.7 ± 1.2 | 0.017 |
| Maximum occlusal tooth wear index score | 0.008 | ||
| 0 | 114 (28.9) | 44 (31.0) | |
| 1 | 208 (52.8) | 60 (42.3) | |
| 2 | 66 (16.8) | 29 (20.4) | |
| 3 | 6 (1.5) | 9 (6.3) | |
| 4 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Buccal mucosa ridging | 0.006 | ||
| No | 134 (34.0) | 31 (21.8) | |
| Partial | 190 (48.2) | 83 (58.5) | |
| Widespread | 70 (17.8) | 28 (19.7) | |
| Dental impression on the tongue | 118 (29.9) | 65 (45.8) | 0.001 |
| Palatal torus | 4 (1.0) | 8 (5.6) | 0.001 |
| Mandibular torus | 38 (9.6) | 40 (28.2) | <0.001 |
| Awareness of bruxism | |||
| Jaw fatigue on waking in the morning | 13 (3.3) | 7 (4.9) | 0.380 |
| Sore teeth or gums on waking in the morning | 10 (2.5) | 4 (2.8) | 0.858 |
| Headache on waking in the morning | 33 (8.4) | 16 (11.3) | 0.305 |
| Grinding during the day | 11 (2.8) | 6 (4.2) | 0.403 |
| Clenching during the day | 50 (12.7) | 17 (13.0) | 0.824 |
| Sleep bruxism | 37 (9.4) | 11 (7.7) | 0.556 |
| Oral habits | |||
| Biting fingernail/pens/pencils | 25 (6.3) | 8 (5.6) | 0.762 |
| Biting mucosa of cheeks/lips | 82 (20.8) | 19 (13.4) | 0.052 |
| Gum chewing | 28 (7.1) | 11 (7.7) | 0.801 |
BMI, body mass index.
All values are reported as number (%) except for BMI, which is reported as mean ± standard deviation.
at test or χ2 test.