Table 1.
Characteristics of studies examining cytokine alterations in peripheral samples of patients with bipolar disorder.
| Author name | Year | Sample size | Sample | Technique used | Cytokines examined |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsai et al. [25] | 2001 | 31 manic, 31 remission, 31 control | Plasma | ELISA | sIL-2R, sIL-6R |
|
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| Su et al. [27] | 2002 | 20 BD-I manic, 15 control | Plasma | Stimulated sIL-2R, IL-10, IFN-g | |
|
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| Wadee et al. [28] | 2002 | 45 BD-I manic, 45 control | Serum | CRP | |
|
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| Kim et al. [92] | 2002 | 25 mania, 85 control | Plasma | ELISA | IL-12 |
|
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| Breunis et al. [30] | 2003 | 172 BD I and II, 66 matched control | Serum | sIL-2R | |
|
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| Boufidou et al. [31] | 2004 | BD I and II, 40 Li treated euthymic, 10 medication naïve, and 20 controls | Plasma | ELISA | Stimulated IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-g |
|
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| Kim et al. [93] | 2004 | 70 mania, 96 control | Plasma | ELISA | IFN-g, IL-4, TGF-b1 |
|
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| Liu et al. [94] | 2004 | 29 BD-I manic, 20 controls | Plasma | Stimulated IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-g | |
|
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| Knijff et al. [95] | 2006 | 54 BD-I and II, 10 controls | Peripheral blood | FACS | Stimulated IL-2R w/dexamethasone suppression |
|
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| O'brien et al. [32] | 2006 | 21 control, 12 manic, 9 depressed | Plasma | ELISA | IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha, sIL-6R |
|
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| Dickerson et al. [96] | 2007 | 122 BD-I and II, 165 controls | Serum | CRP | |
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| Huang and Lin [34] | 2007 | 13 BD-I manic, 23 MDD, 31 controls | Serum | hsCRP | |
|
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| Kim et al. [29] | 2007 | 37 BD-I manic, 74 controls | Plasma | ELISA | Stimulated IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-a, and IFN-g |
|
| |||||
| Knijff et al. [97] | 2007 | 80 BD-I and II, 59 controls | Serum | ELISA | IL-1b, I-6 |
|
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| Ortiz-Domínguez et al. [42] | 2007 | 33 controls, 20 patients, 10 in manic phase, 10 in depressed phase, | Serum | ELISA | TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1b, IL-2, and IL-4. |
|
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| Cunha et al. [98] | 2008 | 30 mania, 30 depressed, 20 euthymic, 32 controls | Serum | hsCRP | |
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| Kauer-Sant'Anna et al. [35] | 2009 | 60 matched controls, 30 early stage, 30 late stage | Serum | ELISA | BDNF, TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-1 |
|
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| Guloksuz [99] | 2010 | 31 euthymic, 16 control | Serum | Flow cytometry | IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-g, TNF-a |
|
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| Brietzke and Teixeira [100] | 2010 | 30 euthymic, 30 control | Serum | ELISA | sTNFR1, sTNFR2 |
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| Kapczinski et al. [36] | 2011 | 20 manic, 20 depressed, 250 euthymic, 80 control | Serum | ELISA | TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10 |
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| Drexhage et al. [47] | 2010 | 38 Euthymic, 22 control | Serum | Flow cytometry, ELISA for sIL-2R | IFN-g, IL-17A, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, TNF-a, IL-1b, sIL-2R |
|
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| Hope et al. [44] | 2011 | 17 “Elevated”, 58 Depressed, 26 Euthymic, 239 control | Plasma | EIA | sTNF-R1, IL1-Ra, IL-6 |
|
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| Barbosa et al. [101] | 2011 | 34 manic, 19 Euthymic, 38 control | Plasma | ELISA | sTNF-R1, IL1-Ra, IL-6 |
|
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| Guloksuz et al. [45] | 2012 | 45 euthymic with subsyndromal symptoms (BD+), 23 without subsyndromal symptoms (BD−), 23 control | Plasma | ELISA | Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNF-R1), soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) |
|
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| Barbosa et al. [37] | 2012 | 25 euthymic, 25 control | Plasma | ELISA | TNF-a, sTNFR1, sTNFR2 |
|
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| Barbosa et al. [37] | 2012 | 30 euthymic, 30 control | Plasma | ELISA | TNF-a, sTNFR1, sTNFR2 |
|
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| Remlinger-Molenda et al. [40] | 2012 | 121 euthymic, 78 control | Serum | cytometry | IL-6, TNF-a, IL-10, IFN-g, IL-2, IL-1b |
|
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| Cetin et al. [41] | 2012 | 45 euthymic, 23 control | Plasma | ELISA | sTNF-R1, sIL-6R |
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| Tsai et al. [26] | 2012 | 33 manic, 33 remission, 33 control | Plasma | ELISA | IL1-Ra, sTNF-R1 |