Table 3.

Summary of findings from studies examining alterations in cytokines in peripheral samples from patients with bipolar disorder.

Outcome	N studies	Manic vs. controls	Mania vs. euthymia	Depression vs. controls	Euthymia vs. control	Remission vs. control	BD vs. controls	Mania vs. depression	Early stage vs. control	Late stage vs. control	References
sIL-2R	4	+	+	+	+	+	+	+			[25, 27, 30, 45]
sIL-6R	2						+				[25, 41]
IFN-g	6	+−	−			−	−				[29, 31, 40, 93, 94, 99]
TNF-a	11	+		+			+		+	+	[29, 32, 35–37, 40, 42, 47, 99, 101]
sTNFR1	7				+		+				[26, 37, 41, 44, 100, 101]
sTNFR2	6	NS									[37, 100, 101]
TGF-b1	1						+				[93]
IL-1b	4	−						−			[40, 42, 47, 97]
IL-2	6	−		−	−		−				[29, 31, 40, 42, 94, 99]
IL-4	6	+−						+			[29, 42, 47, 93, 94, 99]
IL-5	2										[47, 99]
IL-6	8	+		+	−		−	−			[29, 31, 36, 40, 42, 44, 97]
IL-8	2	+		+							[32, 47]
IL-10	9				−		−				[27, 29, 31, 32, 36, 40, 47, 94, 99]
IL-12	1						+				[92]
IL-1	2						+				[35, 40]
IL-1RA	3	+	+								[26, 44, 94]
CRP	2	+	+	+				+			[28, 96]
hsCRP	2			+							[34, 98]