Table 4.

Summary of findings from studies examining cytokine alterations in the central nerve system of patients with bipolar disorder.

Outcome	N studies	BD vs. controls	References
NR-1 (mRNA and Protein)	1	+	[52]
NR-2A (mRNA and Protein)	1	+	[52]
IL-1β (mRNA and Protein)	3	+	[50, 52, 53]
IL-1R (mRNA and Protein)	1	+	[52]
MyD88 (mRNA and Protein)	1	+	[52]
GFAP (mRNA and Protein)	2	+	[50, 52]
iNOS (mRNA and Protein)	1	+	[52]
TNFα	2	+	[50, 52]
IL-6	1	−	[53]
tmTNFa	1	+ (at BA 24)	[50]
Astrocyte	1	+	[52]
Microglia markers	1	+	[52]
TNFR2	1	−	[50]