Table 1.
(A) Using MANOVA, BOLD responses within the three regions of interest (defined according to Figures 1A,B) revealed a significant effect for group [F(hypothesis df: 26, error df: 62) = 3.76, P < 0.0001; Wilk's Lambda = 0.151, partial eta squared = 0.612]. (B) Significant between-subjects effects are highlighted by a box. P-values for pair-wise comparisons are based on Bonferroni corrections.
Groups include non-psychiatric controls (NC) with low TAS-DD scores (lowDD, n = 16), NC with high TAS-DD scores (highDD, n = 14) and patients with major depressive disorder (MDD, n = 16). Dependent variables include TAS scores (DD, difficulties describing feelings; DI, difficulties identifying feelings; EO, externally oriented thinking), BOLD responses during interoceptive and exteroceptive awareness (IA and EA) in the three different regions of interest (ROIs, according to Figure 1B), the amount of gray matter within each ROI and age. Please note that the color code corresponds to the color of each ROI seen in Figure 1B. The regions were defined according to significant correlations (n = 30 NC) as a function of TAS-DD scores (see Figure 1A and Supplementary Figure 1A). Differences between BHS scores were assessed by calculating univariate analysis of variance, as two values were missing in the MDD group, which would lead to listwise exclusion of these individuals in the MANOVA calculations.
alpha = 0.05
Unadjusted one-way ANOVA [F(2, 43) = 6.069, P = 0.005] confirms MANOVA result as well as adjusted by Brown–Forsythe and Welch's statistics [Brown-Forsythe: F(2, 41.338) = 6.013, P = 0. 005, Welch: F(2, 28.090) = 6.275, P = 0.006]. For unequal variances the Games-Howell post-hoc results were checked with no differences compared to Bonferroni post-hoc results: NC-lowDD vs. NC-highDD: < 0.0001, NC-lowDD vs. MDD: < 0.0001, NC-highDD vs. MDD: 0.844.
Unadjusted One-Way ANOVA shows no differences, Games-Howell post-hoc results reveal less strict results (for BOLD response IA: NC-lowDD vs. NC-highDD: 0.069. NC-lowDD vs. MDD: 0.010, NC-highDD vs. MDD: 0.915).
Box's M is not significant, providing assurance that the assumption of equality of covariance matrices is not violated.
Two missing values in MDD group. To avoid listwise exclusion of these data points in the MANOVA, the BHS results are based on univariate analysis of variance.