Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Rural Uganda | Periurban Uganda | Tanzania | Nigeria | South Africa | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| Sex: female | 100 (50) | 158 (53) | 191 (83) | 133 (67) | 344 (70) | 926 (65) |
| Age, years | ||||||
| 18–24 | 29 (15) | 58 (24) | 0 | 6 (4) | 8 (2) | 101 (8) |
| 25–34 | 59 (31) | 83 (34) | 57 (27) | 67 (41) | 35 (7) | 301 (23) |
| 35–44 | 62 (32) | 47 (19) | 75 (36) | 55 (34) | 167 (34) | 406 (31) |
| 45–54 | 32 (17) | 28 (12) | 63 (30) | 34 (21) | 205 (42) | 362 (28) |
| 55 + | 9 (5) | 27 (11) | 14 (7) | 2 (1) | 71 (15) | 123 (10) |
| Education | ||||||
| No formal education/vocational/religious | 33 (17) | 22 (8) | 1 (<1) | 0 | 0 | 56 (4) |
| 1–6 years | 147 (74) | 90 (31) | 28 (13) | 0 | 0 | 266 (20) |
| 7–11 years | 18 (9) | 89 (31) | 7 (3) | 0 | 0 | 114 (9) |
| 12+ (no college) | 1 (<1) | 66 (23) | 180 (81) | 2 (1) | 92 (20) | 341 (26) |
| College degree(s) | 1 (<1) | 11 (4) | 7 (3) | 159 (99) | 337 (74) | 515 (39) |
| Other | 0 | 11 (4) | 0 | 0 | 27 (6) | 38 (3) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 9 (5) | 72 (24) | 27 (12) | 60 (32) | 75 (16) | 243 (18) |
| Married/living together | 173 (87) | 178 (61) | 172 (76) | 121 (64) | 329 (69) | 973 (70) |
| Separated, divorced, widowed, other | 18 (9) | 44 (15) | 26 (12) | 7 (4) | 71 (15) | 166 (12) |
| Number of persons in household | ||||||
| 1–4 persons | 55 (28) | 127 (44) | – | 81 (47) | 327 (69) | 590 (52) |
| 5–9 persons | 124 (62) | 137 (48) | – | 79 (45) | 144 (30) | 484 (43) |
| 10 + | 20 (10) | 24 (8) | – | 14 (8) | 5 (1) | 63 (6) |
| Cooking fuel | ||||||
| Gas/electric | 0 | 8 (3) | – | 114 (59) | 473 (100) | 595 (51) |
| Biogas | 0 | 3 (1) | – | 0 | 0 | 3 (<1) |
| Kerosene | 0 | 4 (1) | – | 75 (39) | 0 | 79 (7) |
| Coal/charcoal | 1 (<1) | 204 (69) | – | 5 (3) | 0 | 210 (18) |
| Firewood/straw/dung | 199 (100) | 67 (23) | – | 0 | 0 | 266 (23) |
| Other | 0 | 10 (3) | – | 0 | 1 (<1) | 11 (1) |
| Drinking water | ||||||
| Piped into dwelling/public tap/bottled | 56 (28) | 181 (61) | 127 (56) | 140 (76) | 442 (98) | 946 (70) |
| Well | 67 (34) | 97 (33) | 79 (35) | 39 (21) | 0 | 282 (21) |
| Spring/surface/rainwater | 36 (18) | 18 (6) | 20 (9) | 3 (2) | 0 | 77 (6) |
| Other | 41 (21) | 0 | 0 | 2 (1) | 9 (2) | 52 (4) |
| Access to cell phonea | 173 (87) | 258 (87) | – | 174 (100) | 436 (95) | 1,041 (92) |
a
Participant's, family's, or friend's phone.