Table 1.
Plasmids of Aeromonas spp., their origin and virulence features, and the presence of resistance determinants and mobile elements.
| Plasmid | Size (kb) | Inca group | Antibiotic resistance genes | Other MGE located within plasmids | Conjugative transfer | Special features | Source of isolation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pRA1 | 144 kb | IncA/C | sul2, tetA, tetR | - Two IS26 elements - A truncated ISVsa3 element |
+ (BHRb) | - T4SS - hipAB toxin-antitoxin gene cluster |
Sample type ND (A. hydrophila, Japan) | Hedges et al., 1985; Fricke et al., 2009 |
| pR148 | 165.9 kb | IncA/C | blaOXA-10, aadA1, sul1, tetA, tetR, catA2 (MDRc) | - Tn21: qacH, blaOXA-10, aadA1, sul1, intI (class 1 integron) -Tn1721: tetA, tetR |
– | - T4SS - Mercuric resistance operon (mer) |
Sample type ND (A. hydrophila, tilapia farm, Thailand) | del Castillo et al., 2013 |
| NDd | ND | IncA/C | blaCMY-2, floR, tetA, strA-B, aadA7, sul2 | - Class 1 integron (intI, aadA7) - Transposon-like element |
+ (BHR) | - Mercuric resistance operon (mer) | Fish [A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), aquaculture, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada] |
McIntosh et al., 2008 |
| pSN254b | 152.2 kb | IncA/C | floR, sul1, blaCMY-2, aadA, tetA, tetR, sul2 | - Tn21: IS4321, IS26, intI1, aadA, sul1, mer | -T4SS -Mercuric resistance genes (merA, merB, merD, merE, merP, merR, merT) |
Fish (A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, brook trout, New Brunswick, Canada) |
Vincent et al., 2014 | |
| pAsa4 | 166.7 kb | IncA/C -related | tetE-tetR, sul2 | - Tn21: mercury resistance, In2 integron encoding resistance to streptomycin/spectinomycin, quaternary ammonia compounds, sulfonamides (sul2) and chloramphenicol | ± (genes of conjugative transfer) | - T6SS – three genes (vgrG, icmF, hcp) | Fish (A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, brown trout, Eure river, France) |
Reith et al., 2008 |
| RA3 | 45.9 kb | IncU | sul1, catA2, aadA2 (MDR) | - 10.5 kb class I complex integron (intI, sul1, catA2, aadA2, qacEΔ1, IS6100) | + (BHR) | – | Fish (A. hydrophila, diseased fish Japan) |
Sørum et al., 2003; Kulinska et al., 2008 |
| pAR-32 | ND | IncU | sul1, catA2, aadA2 (MDR) | - In6-like integron (intI, sul1, catA2, aadA2, qacEΔ1) | + (BHR) | - pAr-32 is identical to plasmid RA3 | Fish (A. salmonicida, diseased biwamasu, trout hatchery, Shiga, Japan) |
Sørum et al., 2003; Kulinska et al., 2008 |
| pRAS1 | 45 kb | IncU | tetA, dfrA16, sul1 (MDR) | - Truncated Tn1721—5.4 kb EcoRI fragment (tetA) - In4-like integron (intI, dfrA16, qacEΔ1, sul1, IS6100) |
+ (BHR) | – | Fish [A. salmonicida, atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with furunculosis, fish farm, Bergen, Norway] |
Sandaa and Enger, 1994; Sørum et al., 2003 |
| pASOT, pASOT2, pASOT3 | 47 kb, 39 kb | IncU | tetA | - Tn1721 – 5.4 kb EcoRI fragment (tetA) | + (BHR) | – | Fish (A. salmonicida, furunculosis outbreaks, Scotland) |
Adams et al., 1998; Rhodes et al., 2000 |
| pFBAOT1-17 | large plasmid | IncU – 3,4,5,7,9, 11 | tetA | - Tn1721 (tetA) in all plasmids | + (pFBAOT3 to -7, -9, and -11 BHR) | - pFBAOT7 is identical to plasmid pFBAOT11 | Environment - untreated hospital effluent, fish farm (A. hydrophila and A. veronii, United Kingdom) | Rhodes et al., 2000 |
| pFBAOT6 | 84.7 kb | IncU | tetA, sul1, aadA2 (MDR) | - IS630 family - In4-like integron (intI, aadA2, qacEΔ1, sul1, IS6100) - 43-kb Tn1721-based transposone - 6.5-kb Tn3 |
+ | - First 31 kb (core genes) – Putative replication, maintence and transfer functions - 54 kb – genetic load | Environment - untreated hospital effluent (A. punctata, United Kingdom) | Rhodes et al., 2004 |
| pAS37, p42 | 55 kb, 20 kb | IncU | qnrS2 | - Mobile insertion cassette (mic) - transposone-like structure - (qnrS2) | ND | – | Environment – river (A. punctata and A. media, Seine River, Paris, France) | Cattoir et al., 2008 |
| p34 | 80 kb | IncU | qnrS2, blaOXA-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, catB3 (MDR) | - Mobile insertion cassette (mic) - transposone-like structure - (qnrS2) - IN37-like integron (intI, aac(6')-Ib-cr, blaOXA-1, catB3) |
ND | – | Environment - lake (A. allosaccharophila, Lugano lake, Lugano, Switzerland) | Picão et al., 2008 |
| pP2G1 | 26.6 kb | IncU | aac(6˘)-Ib-cr, blaOXA-1, catB3, mphA-mrx-mphR, qnrS2, arr-3, sul1 (MDR) | - ISKpn9 present upstream of qnrS2 - In37-like integron (intI, aac(6¢)-Ib-cr, blaOXA-1, catB3 and arr-3, qacEΔ1, sul1) - IS6100 present upstream of mphA-mrx-mphR |
– | -Resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (qacEΔ1) | Environment – river (Aeromonas sp., Ter River, Ripoll, Spain) | Marti and Balcázar, 2012 |
| ND | 20 kb, 35 kb, 40 kb | IncU | qnrS2, aac(6˘)-Ib-cr, sul1, dfrA22 (MDR) | - Class 1 integrons (intI1): 0.75 kb (sul1) | ND | - qnrS2, aac(60)-Ib-cr (20 kb plasmid) - MDR; - qnrS2, sul1, dfrA22 (35 kb plasmid) - qnrS2 (40 kb plasmid) | Fish (A. sorbia and A. hydrophila, koi carps - Czech Republic, ornamental fish -Vietnam and Thailand) |
Dobiasova et al., 2014 |
| pJA8102-1 | 11.8 kb | IncQ-2 | tetC | – | ± (Genes of conjugative transfer) | – | Sample type ND (A. salmonicida, Japan) | Aoki et al., 1986 |
| pRAS3.1 pRAS3.2 | 11.8 kb, 12 kb | IncQ-2 | tetC | – | ± (Mobilizable - mobA, mobC, mobD, mobE) | - pRAS3.1 and pRAS3.2. putatively variants of the same plasmid pRAS3 | Fish [A. salmonicida subs. salmonicida, atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with furunculosis, fish farm, Norway] |
L'Abée-Lund and Sørum, 2002; Loftie-Eaton and Rawlings, 2009 |
| pBRST7.6 | 7.6 kb | IncQ-3 | qnrS2 | – | ± (Mobilizable - mobB, mobC) | – | Fish (A. hydrophila, UDS-affected Channa punctatus) |
Majumdar et al., 2011 |
| pAHH04 | 7.2 kb | IncQ | qnrS2 | – | ± (Mobilizable - mobA, mobC) | – | Fish, environment [A. hydrophila, water and diseased Glowlight tetra (Hemigrammus erythrozonus), South Korea] | Han et al., 2012c |
| pAQ2-1, pAQ2-2 | 6.9 kb | ColE – type | qnrS2 | - Mobile insertion cassette (mic) element (qnrS2) | – | – | Fish [A. sobria and A. hydrophila, diseased fish Medaka (Oryzias latipes) and Congo tetra (Phenacogrammus interruptus), South Korea] |
Han et al., 2012a |
| pAHH01 | 8.9 kb | ColE2 – type | tetE, tetR | – | ± (Mobilizable - mob) | – relE/B (toxin-antitoxin) | Fish [A. hydrophila, diseased fish cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou), South Korea] |
Han et al., 2012b |
| ND | 40 kb | IncFIB | blaCTX-M-15 | - Class 1 (intI1) and class 2 (intI2) integrons | + | – | Mussel [A. caviae, Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), Adriatic Sea, Kaštela Bay, Croatia] | Maravić et al., 2013 |
| ND | Large plasmids (>30 kb) | ND | tetA, tetD, tetE, dhfr, catB, aadA1a | - Class 1 integrons (intI1) (in 27 plasmids) - 10 plasmids with tetA and intI integrons with two or more inserted ARG |
+ (- 17 plasmids 110–160 kb) | Plasmid profiles: - A - at least one plasmid >30 kb; - B - one plasmid 2.3–20 kb - C - two plasmids 6.5–15 kb - D - three to nine plasmids 3–25 kb |
Fish, environment – water, sediment (Aeromonas spp., Denmark) | Schmidt et al., 2001 |
| pTf28 | 60 kb | ND | blaGES-7, aacA4 | - Class 1 integrons (intI1, blaGES-7, aacA4) | ± (Mobilizable – mobA) | – | Environment – water (A. veronii, Seine River, Paris, France) | Girlich et al., 2011 |
| pAB5S9 | 24.7 kb | ND | floR, sul2, strA-strB, tetR-tetY (MDR) | - 7.5 kb sequence showed 100% identity to three non-contiguous segments of the SXT element of Vibrio cholera (comprised floR gene flanked upstream by a complete and downstream by a truncated ISCR2 element) | + | – | Environment – river sediment (A. bestiarum, freshwater stream, North Brittany, France; New Brunswick and Quebec, Canada) | Gordon et al., 2008; Vincent et al., 2014 |
| pAsa5 | 155 kb | ND | not detected | – | ± (Genes of conjugative transfer) | - T3SS - effector proteins (AopH, AopO, Ati2), chaperones (SycH, SycO, Ati1) | Fish (A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, brown trout, Eure river, France) |
Reith et al., 2008; Daher et al., 2011; Dallaire-Dufresne et al., 2013; Vanden Bergh et al., 2013 |
| pAsa6 | 18.5 kb | ND | not detected | - Eight transposases: six complete and two partial IS sequences | – (Also not mobilizable) | - Two putative truncated genes of sulfatases - aopH and sycH (T3SS) – virulence factors | Fish [A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, diseased turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), Portugal] |
Najimi et al., 2009 |
| pAsal1 | 6.4 kb | ND | – | - ISAS11 | ± (Mobilizable – mobA) | - T3SS effector protein (AopP) | Fish (A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, arctic char, Switzerland) |
Fehr et al., 2006; Jones et al., 2012; Trudel et al., 2013 |
| pAsal1B | 9.0 kb | ND | – | - 2614 bp IS belongs to the IS21 family inserted in the mobA gene | – | - Combination of pAsal1 and ISAS5 | Sample type ND (A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, France) | Trudel et al., 2013 |
| pASvirA | 140 kb | ND | ND | – | ND | - T3SS genes - AexT toxin | Fish [A. salmonicida, arctic char (Savelinus alpines) with furunculosis] |
Stuber et al., 2003 |
| ND | >55 kb | ND | ND | - Class 1 integrons (intI1) | + | – | Fish, environment – water, sediment (Aeromonas spp., catfish, fish farm, Vietnam) | Nguyen et al., 2014 |
a
Inc group, Incompatibility group;
b
BHR, broad host range plasmid;
c
MDR, multidrug resistance;
d
ND, not determined; “±”- conjugative transfer not determined or mobilizable.