Table 4.
Effective natural compounds and medicinal plants against acrylamide neurotoxicity
| Treatment | Used part | Model | Significant effects of treatment on acrylamide toxicity | Proposed mechanism of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acorus calamus L. | Hydroalcoholic extract of rhizome (25 mg/kg) | Rat | Decreasing hind limb paralysis, recovery of motor behavioral parameters, increase GSH content in corpus striatum | Detoxification with GSH | Shukla et al., 2002 |
| Panax ginseng C.A.Mayer | Standardized extract (20 mg/kg) | Rat | Recovery of brain antioxidant biochemical parameters like SOD activity | Inhibiting lipid peroxidation, increase SOD activity and free radical scavenging | Mannaa et al. 2006 |
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe. | Ethanolic extract of rhizome (0.25 mg) | Mice | Improving histological structure of the nervous tissues in the spinal cord and cerebellum, | Decrease of lipid peroxidation, Detoxification with GSH | El-Tantavi, 2007 |
| Glycin max (L.) Merr. | Dark soy sauce (0.5 ml/kg) | Rat | Improving body weight gain, relative brain weight, gait abnormalities, axonal degeneration and brain biochemical parameters like SOD activity | Antioxidant activities | Xichun and Minai, 2009 |
| Genistein | Pure compound (25,50 mg/kg) | Rat | Decreasing oxidative stress and neuron injuries and apoptosis | Antioxidant and anti- apoptotic activities | Cheng-mei et al., 2009 |
| Allium sativum L. | Powder (1.5 % w/w) | Rat | Decreasing total lipids and triglycerides and NO contents and increase phospholipids and GSH contents and SOD, GP, CAT and GST activity, decrease MAO activity and TBARS in brain | Detoxification with GSH, antioxidant activities, increasing neurotransmission due to inhibition of MAO activity | Ghareeba et al., 2010 |
| Swietenia mahagoni L. | Methanolic extract of leaf (100,200 mg/kg) | Rat | Decreasing neuropathy and oxidative stress markers like TBARS, increase GSH, inhibit histopathological changes in sciatic nerve like axonal degeneration and derangement of nerve fibers | Detoxification with GSH, antioxidant activities | Vanitha et al. 2012 |
| Crocus sativus L. | Purified crocin from stigma (10,20,50 μM) | PC12 cell line | Decreasing cytotoxicity, DNA fragmentation, Bax-Bcl-2 ratio, cell apoptosis and intracellular ROS (with 50 μM) | Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities | Mehri et al., 2012 |
| Epigallocatechin-3 -gallate | Pure compound (5–100 μmol/L) | CGN cell line | Decreasing cytotoxicity, Bax-Bcl-2 ratio and cell apoptosis, increase SOD activity | Antioxidant and anti- apoptotic activities | Liu et al. 2012 |
| Eugenol | Pure compound (10,25 μM) | Drosophila melanogaster | Decreasing mortality, locomotor dysfunction and oxidative markers like MDA, ROS, PC and HP, increase GSH and dopamine content, modulate AChE activity in head region | Detoxification with GSH, antioxidant activities, increase of neurotransmission and anti-apoptotic activity due to inhibiting AChE | Prasad and Muralidhara, 2012 |
| soeugenol | |||||
| Eugenol | Pure compound (10 mg/kg) | Rat | Decreasing oxidative markers like MDA, ROS and HP, AChE activity and Ca2+ and NO content in brain and sciatic nerve, increase GSH and DA content and ATPase activity in brain and sciatic nerve, increase feed intake, body weight, restore gait abnormalities | Detoxification with GSH, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities | Prasad and Muralidhara 2013 |
| Isoeugenol | |||||
| Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell. | Ethanolic extract of leaf (2–6 μg/ml) | N27 neuronal cell line | Restoring cell loss and GSH depletion | Detoxification with GSH, antioxidant activities | Shinomol et al., 2013 |
| Ethanolic extract of leaf (0.05 % v/w) | Drosophila melanogaster | Improving locomotor dysfunction and GSH depletion in head | |||
| Ethanolic extract of leaf (2 %) | Mice | Restoring brain oxidative damage and GSH depletion | |||
| Chrysin | Pure compound (0.5–5 μM) | PC12 cell line | Decrease in cytotoxicity | Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities | Mehri et al. 2014 |
| Pure compound (12.5,25,50 mg/kg) | Rat | Improving gait abnormalities (with 50 mg/kg) | |||
| Geraniol | Pure compound (5,10 μM) | Drosophila melanogaster | Decrease mortality and locomotor deficits, oxidative markers like MDA, ROS, HP and AChE activity, increase activity of antioxidant enzymes like TRR, GST, SOD and CAT, increase GSH, TSH and dopamine content, modulate HP and mitochondrial dysfunction in head and body regions | Antioxidant and neurogenerative activities, detoxification with GSH, increase neurotransmission and anti-apoptotic activity due to inhibit AChE | Prasad and Muralidhara 2014 |
| Curcumin |
PC Phytochemical, GSH Glutathione, SOD Superoxide dismutase, TBARS Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, ROS Reactive oxygen species, AChE Acetylcholinesterase, MDA Malondialdehyde, HP Hydroperoxides, MAO Monoamine oxidase, NO Nitric oxide, DA Dopamine, TSH Total thiol, TRR Thioreduxine reductase, PC Protein carbonyls