Table 5.

Effective natural compounds and medicinal plants against acrylamide-related reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and general toxicity

Treatment	Used part	Model	Significant effects of treatment on acrylamide toxicity	Proposed mechanism of action	References
Reproductive toxicity
Phenylethyl isothiocyanate	Pure compound (0.5 %)	Rat	Decrease exfoliation of immature spermatocytes into the lumen of seminiferous tubules and degeneration of tubules	Inhibit CYP2E1 and acrylamide conversion to glicydamide in testis	Lee et al., 2005
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze.	Water extract of leaf (70 mg/kg)	Rat	Restore serum testosterone level and harmful histopathological changes in testis like tubular endothelium thickening, germ cell degeneration, atrophy of semeniferous tubules and production of multinucleated giant cells	Antioxidant activity in serum, liver and testicular level	Yassa et al., 2013
Genotoxicity
Aloysia triphylla (L′Her.) Britton	Water extract of leaf (5 %)	Mice	Decrease genotoxicity, increase total antioxidant capacity in plasma	Antioxidant activity due to polyphenols, decrease acrylamide epoxidation or detoxification of glicylamide	Zamorano-Ponce et al., 2006
General toxicity
Azadirachta indica A.Juss	Ethanolic extract of leaf (200 mg/kg)	Rat	Restore GSH, MDA and CAT in liver and modulate histological injuries in liver, kidney, lung, heart, spleen and stomach	Detoxification with GSH, Antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activities	Mogda et al., 2008
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze.	Extracted catechins (1.5 %)
Resveratrol	Pure compound (30 mg/kg)	Rat	Decrease ALT, AST, LDH, BUN, creatinine, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6 and indicator of DNA damage, 8-OHdG, in serum, increase GSH and decrease collagen, MDA and MPO in brain, lung, liver, kidney and testis	Inhibit neutrophil infiltration, antioxidant and anti -inflammatory activities, Detoxification with GSH	Alturfan et al., 2012
Carica papaya L.	Water extract of fruit (250 mg/kg)	Rat	Decrease MDA and increase GSH, SOD and CAT in stomach, liver and kidney tissues	Detoxification with GSH, Antioxidant activity due to flavonoids and phenolic acids	Sadek, 2012
Allium sativum L.	2.5,5 %	Rat	Decrease MDA and increase GSH, SOD and in kidney, spleen, testis and brain, decrease urea, creatinine, LDH and alkaline phosphatase and increase total protein and albumin in serum	Detoxification with GSH, antioxidant activities	El-Halim and Mohamed, 2012
Solanum nigrum L.	Leaf and fruit powder (2 g/kg of diet)	Rat	Decrease mortality, urea, creatinine, LDH, ALT and AST, improve weight gain, total protein, albumin and globulin, IgG, IgM,	Antioxidant activity due to flavonoids and phenolic acids	Soliman, 2013
Cyanidin-3-glucoside	Pure compound (10–100 μM)	MDA-MB-231 cell line	Decrease cytotoxicity, LDH leakage, ROS formation, oxidative stress, GSH depletion and GST and GP activity, increase GPx1 and GSTP1 and decrease CYP2E1expression, increase γGCS expression as a marker of GSH synthesis	Detoxification with GSH, antioxidant activities, Inhibit CYP2E1 and acrylamide conversion to glicydamide	Song et al., 2013
Allium sativum L.	Powder (54 mg/kg)	Rat	Restore serum triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, SOD, GP and CAT	Antioxidant activity due to allicin, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenolics	El-Shafey et al., 2013
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.	Powder (81 mg/kg)
Allicin	Pure compound (5,10,20 mg/kg)	Mice	Decrease TBARS and MPO and increase SOD and GSH in kidney, liver and brain, decrease ALT, AST, LDH, BUN, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6 and ROS and increase IL-10 in serum	Detoxification with GSH, antioxidant activities	Zhang et al., 2013

LDH Lactate dehydrogenase, ROS Reactive oxygen species, GSH Glutathione, GST Glutathione-S-Transferase, GP Glutathione peroxidase, ALT Alinine transaminase, AST Aspartate transaminase, MDA Malondialdehyde, OD Superoxide dismutase, CAT Catalase, MPO Myeloperoxidase, BUN Body urea nitrogen, TNF Tumor necrosing factor, IL Interleukin, γGCS Gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthase, 8-OHdG 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine