Table 1.

Definition of Terms Associated With Hypertension

Hypertensive Term	Definition	Comments
Resistant hypertension	Uncontrolled BP despite maximal effective dosing of ≥3 medications of different classes, one ideally being a diuretic41	Includes patients controlled on ≥4 medications
Apparent resistant hypertension	Meeting criteria for resistant HTN, yet unable to exclude pseudoresistance62	Reported in observational studies
Pseudoresistance	Uncontrolled office BP while receiving ≥3 medications in the setting of medication nonadherence, improper BP measurement technique, and/or white coat HTN	Presumed to contribute to as much as 50% of resistant hypertension62
White coat hypertension	Uncontrolled office BP with a controlled overall average BP by 24-hr ABPM (<130/80 mm Hg) or home BP < 135/85 mm Hg7
Masked uncontrolled hypertension	Controlled office BP (<140/90 mm Hg) with an elevated overall average BP by 24-hr ABPM (>130/80 mm Hg) or home BP > 135/85 mm Hg7	Present in as many as 40%–70% of patients with CKD and HTN9,10
Dipping	Fall in nocturnal systolic and diastolic BP of >10% of daytime values7
Nondipping and rising	No reduction or an increase in nocturnal systolic and/or diastolic BP7
Refractory hypertension	Uncontrolled BP despite maximal medical therapy (ie, ≥5 antihypertensive medications at maximal effective dosing and of different class)

Abbreviations: ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; BP, blood pressure; CV, cardiovascular; HTN, hypertension.