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. 2015 May 27;6:121. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00121

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Copyright © 2015 Piccardi, Palumbo, Nesi, Nencini, Gori, Giusti, Pracucci, Tonelli, Innocenti, Sereni, Sticchi, Toni, Bovi, Guidotti, Tola, Consoli, Micieli, Tassi, Orlandi, Perini, Marcello, Nucera, Massaro, Delodovici, Bono, Sessa, Abbate and Inzitari.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Impact of tissue plasminogen activator on MMP/TIMP unbalance at the neurovascular unit level. After acute ischemic stroke, rtPA may cross blood–brain barrier (BBB), enter the brain parenchyma, and thereby damage neurovascular unit components by promoting metalloproteinase (MMPs) production and activation. Indeed, unbalance between MMPs and their natural inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, TIMPs) may exacerbate BBB disruption leading to hemorrhagic transformation and edema of an ischemic brain lesion.