Table 1.
The Association between Sociodemographic Characteristics, Maternal Medical Conditions, and Obstetric Conditions and Procedures and Maternal Cardiac Arrest, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 1998–2011
| Arrest, N (%) | No Arrest, N (%) | aOR* (99% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | |||
| Age group, yr | |||
| <20 | 327 (6.8) | 6,021,192 (10.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.0) |
| 20–34 | 3,191 (65.9) | 42,762,659 (75.2) | Ref |
| 35–39 | 965 (19.9) | 6,597,067 (11.6) | 1.6 (1.3–2.0)† |
| ≥40 | 359 (7.4) | 1,483,916 (2.6) | 2.0 (1.5–2.8) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 1,500 (31.0) | 23,264,619 (40.9) | Ref |
| Black | 1,191 (24.6) | 5,914,624 (10.4) | 2.3 (1.8–3.0) |
| Hispanic | 879 (18.1) | 9,957,035 (17.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 200 (4.1) | 2,042,190 (3.6) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) |
| Other | 195 (4.0) | 2,366,238 (4.2) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) |
| Unknown | 878 (18.1) | 13,350,964 (23.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) |
| Primary payer | |||
| Medicare | 83 (1.7) | 280,194 (0.5) | 2.1 (0.8–5.1) |
| Medicaid | 2,209 (45.7) | 22,495,861 (39.6) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) |
| Private insurance | 2,221 (45.9) | 30,509,870 (53.7) | Ref |
| Self-pay | 195 (4.0) | 1,937,426 (3.4) | 1.5 (0.9–2.2) |
| No charge | 18 (0.4) | 131,388 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.7–3.9) |
| Other | 112 (2.3) | 1,413,565 (2.5) | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) |
| Maternal medical conditions | |||
| Pulmonary hypertension | 92 (1.9) | 7,904 (0) | 13.3 (6.0–29.6) |
| Malignancy† | 38 (0.8) | 21,579 (0) | 12.5 (4.7–33.0) |
| Ischemic heart disease† | 30 (0.6) | 6,751 (0) | 7.6 (2.1–27.5) |
| Liver disease† | 53 (1.1) | 54,158 (0.1) | 5.5 (2.3–13.1) |
| Congenital heart disease† | 48 (1.0) | 42,600 (0.1) | 4.2 (1.6–11.0) |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus† | 60 (1.2) | 49,803 (0.1) | 4.1 (1.8–9.8) |
| Cardiac valvular disease | 179 (3.7) | 343,650 (0.6) | 3.8 (2.2–6.3) |
| Pre-existing hypertension | 457 (9.4) | 863,155 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.9–3.7) |
| Chronic renal disease | 83 (1.7) | 110,236 (0.2) | 2.6 (1.2–5.5) |
| Sickle cell disease† | 38 (0.8) | 68,711 (0.1) | 2.6 (1.0–6.4) |
| Drug abuse/dependance | 153 (3.2) | 651,875 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) |
| Asthma | 258 (5.3) | 1,281,158 (2.3) | 1.7 (1.1–2.4) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 495 (10.2) | 3,154,125 (5.5) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) |
| Maternal obstetrical conditions/procedures | |||
| Stillbirth | 386 (8.0) | 361,976 (0.6) | 12.9 (9.4–17.7) |
| Cesarean delivery | 3,758 (77.6) | 16,546,570 (29.1) | 6.7 (5.4–8.3) |
| Severe preeclampsia/eclampsia | 701 (14.5) | 682,730 (1.2) | 6.5 (5.0–8.3) |
| Placenta previa | 257 (5.3) | 296,571 (0.5) | 4.4 (2.9–6.5) |
| Chorioamnionitis | 159 (3.3) | 1,013,164 (1.8) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) |
| Multiple gestation | 184 (3.8) | 986,535 (1.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
Bold font denotes a statistically significant result.
*
On the basis of weighted analysis, age was missing for 30,835 individuals (0.05%) and primary payer was missing for 127,369 (0.2%). Patients with missing values for either of these variables were excluded from the logistic regression model (n = 158,164, 0.3%).
†
Estimates with a relative standard error (i.e., standard error/weighted estimate) >0.30 may not be reliable.
aOR = adjusted odds ratio; N = number; Ref = referent category.