Table 1.

Summary statistics of d-loop sequences from 13 spatiotemporal groups of ancient domesticated cattle

Ancient samples	# Sequences	# Haplotypes	Ĥ	π	Tajima's D (P-value)	Fu's Fs (P-value)
IR 7,000-5,000 BCE	10	8	0.96 +/- 0.06	2.82 +/- 1.62	−0.49 (0.33)	−3.77 (0.01)
IR/S 4,000-1,400 BCE	6	4	0.80 +/- 0.17	3.80 +/- 2.22	−0.79 (0.27)	0.67 (0.59)
IT 6,000-5,500 BCE	5	2	0.40 +/- 0.24	0.80 +/- 0.68	−0.97 (0.20)	1.04 (0.63)
SECE 5,100-4,000 BCE	20	6	0.52 +/- 0.13	1.30 +/- 0.85	−1.12 (0.13)	−1.48 (0.14)
SEE 6,200-5,500 BCE	34	6	0.62 +/- 0.05	1.26 +/- 0.82	0.08 (0.58)	−0.79 (0.32)
SEE 5,500-5,000 BCE	21	7	0.78 +/- 0.06	1.79 +/- 1.08	0.12 (0.57)	0.37 (0.60)
SEE 5,000-4,000 BCE	8	4	0.79 +/- 0.11	2.11 +/- 1.31	−0.42 (0.37)	0.26 (0.54)
SEE 2,700-2,200 BCE	7	5	0.81 +/- 0.13	1.62 +/- 1.08	−0.04 (0.47)	−0.54 (0.22)
SF 5,500-4,500 BCE	8	1	0.00 +/- 0.00	0.00 +/- 0.00	-	-
SP 2,700-1,600 BCE	12	4	0.45 +/- 0.17	1.30 +/- 0.87	−1.71 (0.04)	−0.05 (0.47)
WA 6,400-5,700 BCE	8	4	0.64 +/- 0.18	0.79 +/- 0.63	−2.14 (0.00)	−1.73 (0.02)
CWE 5,400-4,400 BCE	26	4	0.22 +/- 0.11	0.45 +/- 0.41	−1.53 (0.03)	−0.24 (0.32)
CWE 4,400-2,500 BCE	28	9	0.50 +/- 0.12	0.91 +/- 0.65	−2.08 (0.01)	−4.55 (0.00)

IR/S: Iran/Syria, IT: Italy, SECE: Southeastern Central Europe, SEE: Southeastern Europe, SF: Southern France, SP: Spain, WA: Western Anatolia, and CWE: Central/Western Europe. Numbers in the first column indicate the age of the samples in BCE. Ĥ: Haplotype diversity, π: mean number of pairwise differences. Significant Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs value at the 0.05 level are highlighted in bold.