Mild to moderate astrogliosis |
• Hypertrophy of cell body |
• Structural elements: GFAP, nestin, vimentin |
• Inflammatory cell regulators: cytokines, growth factors, glutathione |
• Astrocytes processes are are numerous and thicker |
• Transcriptional regulators: STAT3, NFκB, Rheb-m TOR, cAMP, Olig2, SOX9 [61–65]. |
• Transporters and pumps: AQP4 and Na+/K+ transporters [61, 66–69] |
• Glutamate transporter [70–73] |
• The non-overlapping domains of individual astrocytes are preserved |
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• Vascular regulators: PGE, NO [74, 75] |
• Energy provision: lactate [76] |
• Molecules implicated in synapse formation and |
Severe astrogliosis and glial scar |
• Intense hypertrophy of cell body |
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• Remodeling: thrombospondin and Complement C1q [77, 78] |
• Significant extension of processes |
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• Molecules implicated in oxidative stress and providing protection from oxidative stress: NO, NOS, SOD, Glutathione [67, 68, 79] |
• Proliferation |
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• Overlapping of individual domains |
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• Substantial reorganization of tissue architecture [60] |
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