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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 27.
Published in final edited form as: Methods Mol Biol. 2012;832:455–461. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-474-2_32

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Misfolded proteins in the ER are subject to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Misfolded proteins are recognized by various ER factors, such as chaperones, and directed toward ER membrane E3 ubiquitin-ligases. The three main ligases identified are RMA1, HRD1, and TEB4. Each ligase is part of a complex with an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and other factors. Substrate proteins are ubiquitylated, extracted into the cytoplasm via a p97 AAA + ATPase-dependent process, and degraded by the proteasome.