Figure 3.

Effects of RA on cytokines, miRNA, STAT3, and p-STAT3 levels.

Notes: (A) Effect of RA on cytokine levels. The inhibitory effects of RA (0, IC₅₀, 1/2 IC₅₀, and 1/4 IC₅₀) against IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TNFsR-1 were examined according to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (B) Effect of RA on miRNA expression levels. miRNA expression levels were calculated by the target miRNA/U6 expression ratio. (C) Effect of RA on levels of STAT3 and p-STAT3. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Significant differences from control are indicated by *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: RA, rosmarinic acid; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; miRNA, microRNA; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3; p-STAT3, phosphorylated STAT3; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TNFsR-1, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; IC₅₀, concentration of 50% cytotoxicity.