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. 2015 Feb 3;5(2):e501. doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.138

Figure 1.

Figure 1

ADNP+/− differ from ADNP+/+ male mice: object recognition, social interactions and sexual dichotomy. Animal performance in the object recognition test is shown (n=16–18 for each of the male groups; n=11 for each of the female groups). (a, b) ADNP+/− male mice are deficient in object recognition. Two identical objects were first presented, and one of the identical objects was replaced by a novel object 3 h after sniffing the familiar object (short retention choice) (a) or on the following day (~24 h later, long retention choice) (b). Data are expressed as mean (±s.e.m.) by a relative discrimination index (D2=(b−a)/(b+a); b=time (s) sniffing a novel object, a=time (s) sniffing a familiar object). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant differences in the short retention choice (a). In the long retention choice (b), two-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of genotype only in the male group (F(1,49)=5.022, P=0.030). ADNP-deficient male mice spent significantly less time (>2-fold) in exploring the new object as compared with control mice (ADNP+/+). Fisher's LSD post hoc test revealed a significant difference between ADNP+/− male mice compared with ADNP+/+ mice (*P<0.05). (c) Sniffing time of empty cup and novel mouse—social recognition test. Data are expressed as mean (±s.e.m.) total time (s) spent exploring mice or objects. A three-chamber cage was used. Two-way repeated measure ANOVA with group as a fixed factor and sniffed item (that is, mouse vs cup) as repeated factor revealed no main effect for group (F(3,48)=1.051, P=0.379) on the sniffing time periods of a novel mouse and a cup. However, a main effect was found for the sniffed item (F(1,48)=75.761, P<0.001), indicating a strong preference for the novel mouse over the cup. In addition, an interaction effect between group × sniffed item was found (F(3,48)=3.296, P=0.028). Fisher's LSD post hoc test revealed significant differences between sniffing time period of the cup and mouse in all the groups (*P<0.05, ***P<0.001 vs cup in the same group—male or female). Bonferroni post hoc test revealed significant differences between sniffing time period of the cup and mouse in all the groups (**P<0.01) except for ADNP+/− females (P=0.18). The sniffing time of mouse in the latter group was significantly lower than in the ADNP+/− males (#P<0.05), with no change in the sniffing time of the cup (P>0.99 after adjustment for multiple comparisons). (d) ADNP+/− mice displayed a significant decrease in social memory. Animal performance in the social memory test is shown (3 h after the original 3-min exposure). Data are expressed as mean (±s.e.m.) total time (s) spent exploring another mouse as designated by a relative discrimination index (b=time sniffing a novel mouse, a=time sniffing a familiar mouse. The total time allowed for sniffing in the second exposure was 3 min). In the social memory test, the ADNP-deficient male and female mice spent significantly less time exploring the novel mouse as compared with control mice (ADNP+/+). Two-way ANOVA showed a significant genotype effect (F(1,47)=31.357, P<0.001) in the social memory test (ADNP+/+ vs ADNP+/− mice), but no general sex effect (males vs females), (F(1,47)=1.563, P=0.217). Fisher's LSD post hoc test revealed a significant genotype difference between the ADNP+/+ and ADNP+/− in the male group (***P<0.001) as well as in the female group (*P<0.05); there was also a significant sex effect in the ADNP+/+ group (*P=0.05 male vs female). ADNP, activity-dependent neuroprotective protein; LSD, least significant difference.