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Example component models. (a) Photograph of a pedicle screw shaft. (b) Simple parameterization of the screw as a cylinder of bounded length and diameter. (c) Higher-order parameterization of the screw to include a polyaxial cap in addition to the cylindrical shaft. (d) Rendering of a device-specific (i.e., “exactly-known”) CAD model. (e) Illustration of a voxelized screw model. (f) DRR of the screw model. (g) Gradient magnitude of the screw model.
