Opposite sepsis outcomes in mice pre-conditioned with super-low and low dose LPS. (A). WT mice (male, 8 weeks old) were pre-conditioned through i.p. injection of either PBS (30 mice), super-low dose (SL-LPS, 5 ng/kg) LPS (30 mice), or low-dose (L-LPS, 50 μg/kg) LPS (30 mice). CLP were performed 1 d post-pre-conditioning, and mortality was closely monitored every 4 h for 4 d. *p < 0.05. (B). Blood samples were collected from mice 2 d post-CLP. Bacteria were cultured, counted and plotted. The results were expressed as colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. *p < 0.05, N = 11 mice per group. (C). Blood samples were collected from mice 4 d post-CLP. Bacteria were cultured, counted and plotted. The results were expressed as log of colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. N = 4 mice per group, the data were representative from 3 independent experiments. (D). Blood collected at days 0, 1, and 4 post-CLP were used to measured plasma levels of TNF-α and KC through ELISA. P: PBS; SL: SL-LPS; L: L-LPS *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. N = 4 mice per group, the data were representative from 3 independent experiments.